ci

See also: Appendix:Variations of "ci"

Languages (37)

English

---

Aka (Central Africa) • Balinese • Bambara • Corsican • Dalmatian • Dhimal • Esperanto • French • Hausa • Ido • Indonesian • Interlingua • Italian • Kangjia • Kanuri • Latgalian • Latin • Malay • Mandarin • Noone • Nupe • Old French • Old Irish • Polish • Romanian • Sicilian • Somali • Sundanese • Tarantino • Tedim Chin • Venetan • Walloon • Welsh • White Hmong • Yao (Africa) • Zhuang

---

Page categories

English

Etymology

Borrowed from Mandarin 詞／词 (cí).

Noun

ci (uncountable)

1. One of the Classical Chinese poetry forms

Anagrams

• -ic, IC, I²C

Aka (Central Africa)

Noun

ci

1. water

Further reading

• Marvin Lionel Bender, Topics in Nilo-Saharan linguistics (1989) (cí, cì)
• [1] (ɕi)

Balinese

Etymology

From cai (“you”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /t͡ʃi/
• Rhymes: -i

Pronoun

ci (Balinese script ᬘᬶ)

1. (medya) you

   Synonyms: (kasar) ragan, (halus) iratu

Further reading

• “ci”, in Balinese–Indonesian Dictionary [Kamus Bahasa Bali–Indonesia] (in Balinese), Denpasar, Indonesia: The Linguistic Center of Bali Province [Balai Bahasa Provinsi Bali].

Bambara

Etymology 1

Noun

cí

1. thatch, especially of the species Diheteropogon grandiflorus

Etymology 2

Noun

cí

1. commission, errand
2. message, order
3. mission, task, assignment

   Ò cí bɛ́ í kàn.

   It is your duty.

4. work, labor (especially agricultural)

   cí kɛ́

   to work in the fields

5. usefulness, utility

   Cí tɛ́ nìn ná.

   That's useless.

Verb

cí

1. to send, charge with a mission

   sɛ́bɛn cí mɔ̀gɔ mà

   to send a letter to someone

Etymology 3

Verb

cì

1. to hit

   Fíyɛn bɛ́ cì.

   The wind is blowing.

   fàli cì

   to hit a donkey

2. to break

   À y'á kùn cì.

   He knocked him unconscious.

3. to destroy
4. to split, divide, cut

   dɔ́gɔ cì

   to split wood

5. to burst, explode with a loud noise

   màrifa cì

   to fire off a round (with a gun)

6. to trace, tattoo

   bála cì

   to plot an area of a field to be hoed

   tùgu cì

   to vaccinate in the arm

Noun

cì

1. line, stroke
2. tattoo

Corsican

Etymology

Ultimately from either Latin hīc (“here”) or hinc (“from here”). Akin to Italian ci; see there for more. Compare Sicilian cci.

Adverb

ci

1. there

Pronoun

ci

1. us (both direct and indirect object)

See also

Corsican personal pronouns

number	person		nominative	prepositional	dative	accusative
singular	1st		eiu	mè	mi
	2nd		tù	tè	ti
	3rd	m	ellu		li	u, l'
		f	ella			a, l'
plural	1st		noi		ci
	2nd		voi		vi
	3rd	m	elli		li	i, l'
		f	elle			e, l'

References

• https://infcor.adecec.net/

Dalmatian

Etymology

From Latin quem. Compare Portuguese quem, Romanian cine, Spanish quien, Romansh che, Sardinian chíne.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /t͡ʃi/

Pronoun

ci

1. who

Dhimal

Noun

ci

1. water

Further reading

• John T. King (2009), A Grammar of Dhimal, Brill, →ISBN, page 504

Esperanto

Etymology

From Italian or French tu, Russian ты (ty), etc., plus the i of personal pronouns.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /t͡si/

• Audio 1:

  (file)

• Audio 2:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -i
• Syllabification: ci

Pronoun

ci (accusative cin, possessive cia)

1. (rare) thou, you (second-person informal singular pronoun)
   • 1905, Ludoviko Lazaro Zamenhof, Fundamento de Esperanto:

     Mi legas. — Ci skribas (anstataŭ “ci” oni uzas ordinare “vi”).

     I read. — Thou writest (instead of “ci” one ordinarily uses “vi”.)

   • 1899, Felikso Zamenhof, (Please provide the book title or journal name):

     Ekamis la konato / Kaj reciproke ŝi; / Post paso de monato / Ŝanĝiĝis »Vi« per »ci«.

     Her acquaintance fell in love / and reciprocally she; / after the passage of a month / "You" changed into "thee".

   • 1907, Henri Vallienne, Kastelo de Prelongo, ch. 6:

     Cia sintenado estos vere fiera, li moke murmuretis en ŝian orelon, kiam ci estos vekinta la tutan loĝantaron.

     Thine attitude shall be truly proud, he mockingly whispered into her ear, when thou shalt have awakened the whole population.

Usage notes

The word was never archaic; ci has never been in common usage, as written by Zamenhof as early as 1888, when the Dua Libro de l' Lingvo Internacia was published. Some authors have since used ci to portray archaic language; as part of translations where the original distinguishes between formal or numbered second-person pronouns; or for stylistic effect.

• Ludwig L. Zamenhof, Dua Libro de l' Lingvo Internacia; Ludwig L. Zamenhof, Lingvaj Respondoj; Bertilo Wennergren, Plena Manlibro de Esperanta Gramatiko (PMEG); Bernard Golden, La Gazeto #11, June 15, 1987; Zlatko Tisjlar, Frekvencmorfemaro de Parolata Esperanto.

See also

Esperanto personal pronouns

		singular				plural
		nominative	accusative	possessive		nominative	accusative	possessive
first-person		mi	min	mia		ni	nin	nia
second- person	formal	vi	vin	via		vi	vin	via
	familiar1	ci	cin	cia
third- person	masculine	li	lin	lia		ili iŝi2	ilin iŝin2	ilia iŝia2
	feminine	ŝi	ŝin	ŝia
	neuter	ĝi	ĝin	ĝia
	gender-neutral2	ri ŝli	rin ŝlin	ria ŝlia
	reflexive	si	sin	sia		si	sin	sia
indefinite		oni	onin	onia		oni	onin	onia

¹ Rare.

² Not widely used.

Further reading

• “ci”, in Plena Ilustrita Vortaro de Esperanto [Complete Illustrated Dictionary of Esperanto], 2020, →ISBN
• “ci”, in Reta Vortaro [Online Dictionary] (in Esperanto), 1997-2026

French

Etymology

Inherited from Late Latin ecce hīc.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /si/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Audio (France (Toulouse)):

  (file)

• Audio (France (Vosges)):

  (file)

• Audio (France (Lyon)):

  (file)

• Audio (France (Vosges)):

  (file)

• Homophones: si, scie, scies, scient

Adverb

ci

1. (in compounds, else archaic) alternative form of ici (“here”)
2. (after a noun) see -ci

Derived terms

• ceci
• ci-après
• ci-avant
• ci-contre
• ci-dessous
• ci-dessus
• ci-devant
• ci-gît
• ci-joint
• comme ci comme ça
• ici
• par-ci, par-là

References

• “ci”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012

Hausa

Etymology

From Proto-Chadic, from Proto-Afroasiatic *taʔ- (“to eat, especially something soft, to close lips, especially loosely”). Compare Akkadian 𒋫𒀪𒌑 (ta-ʾu-u₂ /⁠taʾu⁠/, “to eat”), Mehri tewō (“eat”), Arabic تَأْتَأَ (taʔtaʔa, “to stammer, to stutter, to reduplicate sounds, to mumble or move lips”), and with varying Berber forms Tamahaq ⵜⵜ (tǝtt), Tarifit cc, Central Atlas Tamazight ⵜⵛ (tc), and Kabyle ečč.

Cognate with Bole tī, Ngamo tùkô, Maaka tàkkò, Karekare tū and Bade tau.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /t͡ʃí/
  • (Standard Kano Hausa) IPA^(key): [t͡ʃɪ́]

Verb

ci (grade Ø)

1. to eat, to eat soft things

Ido

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /tsi/

Determiner

ci

1. alternative form of ici (“these”)

Pronoun

ci

1. alternative form of ici (“these”)

Indonesian

Pronunciation

• (Standard Indonesian) IPA^(key): /ˈt͡ʃi/ [ˈt͡ʃi]
• Rhymes: -i
• Syllabification: ci

Etymology 1

From Xiamen Hokkien 錢／钱 (chîⁿ, “mace”).

Noun

ci (plural ci-ci)

1. (obsolete) weight unit 1/10 tahil (for opium)

Etymology 2

From Sundanese ci, perhaps derived from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *wahiʀ.

Noun

ci (countable and uncountable, plural ci-ci)

1. river (large stream which drains a landmass), specifically, those located in Banten, West Java, and far-western Central Java

   Synonyms: sungai, kali

Etymology 3

Noun

ci (plural ci-ci)

1. alternative form of encik
2. alternative form of taci (“elder sister”)

Further reading

• “ci”, in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia [Great Dictionary of the Indonesian Language] (in Indonesian), Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016

Interlingua

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /tsi/

Adverb

ci

1. here (at this place)

Italian

Etymology 1

From Latin cē (the name of the letter C).

Alternative forms

• ce (archaic or regional)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈt͡ʃi/^*
• Rhymes: -i
• Hyphenation: cì

Noun

ci f (invariable)

1. The name of the Latin script letter C/c.; cee

See also

• (Latin-script letter names) lettera; a, bi, ci, di, e, effe, gi, acca, i, gei / i lunga, cappa, elle, emme, enne, o, pi, cu, erre, esse, ti, u, vu / vi, doppia vu, ics, ipsilon / i greca, zeta

Further reading

• “ci²”, in Vocabolario Treccani on line (in Italian), Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana, 2026

Etymology 2

Uncertain. Rohlfs and Von Wartburg favoured Late Latin ecce hīc. Maiden casts doubt on this etymology, pointing out that Italian ci is an unstressed 'weak' form, while Latin hic otherwise survives in Italian only in stressed forms (reinforced by Latin ecce or eccum) such as ciò, qua, and qui. (It should also be noted that all of the latter trigger syntactic doubling in a following word, thanks to their original final /k/, while ci does not.) Maiden proposes instead an origin in Latin hince, variant of hinc (“hence, from here, from this person”), pointing out that in parts of southern Italy there exists a 1PL pronoun 'nci (cf. also 'nce). Treccani, on the other hand, proposes an origin in Latin hīce, a variant of hīc (“here”). In any case, the Italian term is certainly cognate with Sicilian cci, Neapolitan ce, and Sassarese zi, all three of which share similar adverbial senses, with the latter two also having pronominal senses.

Alternative forms

• -ci (enclitic)
• ce (before a third person direct object clitic)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /t͡ʃi/, (Sicily, Calabria) ^*/t͡ʃi/
• Hyphenation: ci

Pronoun

ci

1. us

   Loro ci conoscono ― They know us

2. (reflexive pronoun) ourselves; each other

   Ci arrabbiamo ― We (ourselves) get angry

   Ci amiamo ― We love each other

3. to us

   Lui ci ha detto questo ― He said this to us

5. replaces the indefinite personal pronoun si (“one”) before reflexive si (“oneself”); one

   Ci si lava. ― One washes oneself.

   Ci si annoia quando non c'è niente da fare.

   One gets bored when there is nothing to do.

6. it, to it

   Non ci credo. ― I do not believe it.

Usage notes

• Becomes ce when followed by a third person direct object clitic (lo, la, li, le, or ne).

Synonyms

• ne (obsolete)

See also

Italian personal pronouns

			nominative		atonic (clitic)11						tonic12
					accusative / dative-reflexive	accusative	dative		locative	partitive	prepositional-reflexive	oblique
singular
	first		io		mi, m', -mi, me9				―		―	me
	second		tu		ti, t', -ti, te9							te
	second formal / polite5		Lei, Ella8		―	La, -La, L'	Le, -Le					Lei
	third	m	lui, egli,8 ello,8 elli,3, 8 esso8		si,6 s', -si, se,9 ci13	lo, l', -lo, il4	glie9	gli, -gli, il4	ci, c', vi,1 v'1	ne, n'	sé	lui, esso8
		f	lei, ella,8 essa8			la, l', -la		le, -le, gli,2 -gli2				lei, essa8
plural
	first		noi		ci, c', -ci, ce,9 ne,4 n'4				―		―	noi
	second		voi, Voi7		vi, Vi,7 v', V',7 -vi, -Vi,7 ve9							voi, Voi7
	second formal / polite5		Loro		―	Le, -Le	Loro10					Loro
	third	m	loro	elli,3, 8 ellino,4, 8 eglino,4, 8 essi8	si, s', -si, se9	li, -li	loro,10 gli,2 -gli,2 glie9		ci, c', vi,1 v'1	ne, n'	sé	loro	essi8
		f		elle,3, 8 elleno,4, 8 esse8		le, -le							elle,8 esse8

¹ Formal.
² Informal.
³ Archaic.
⁴ Obsolete or literary.
⁵ Grammatically third person forms used semantically in the second person as a formal or polite way of addressing someone (with the first letter frequently capitalised as a sign of respect, and to distinguish them from third person subjects). Unlike the singular forms, the plural forms are mostly antiquated terms of formal address in the modern language, and second person plural pronouns are almost always used instead.
⁶ Also used as indefinite pronoun meaning “one”, and to form the passive.
⁷ Formal (capitalisation optional); in many regions, can refer to just one person (compare with French vous).
⁸ Traditional grammars still indicate the forms egli (animate), ello / ella (animate), esso / essa and their plurals as the nominative forms of the third person pronouns; outside of very formal or archaizing contexts, all such forms have been replaced by the obliques lui, lei, loro.
⁹ Forms used when followed by a third-person direct object proclitic (lo, la, li, le, or ne).
¹⁰ Used after verbs.
¹¹ Unstressed forms, stand alone forms are found proclitically (except dative loro / Loro), others enclitically (-mi, -ti, etc.).
¹² Disjunctive, emphatic oblique forms used as direct objects placed after verbs (or before them, chiefly in literary Italian), in exclamations, along prepositions (prepositional) and some adverbs (come, quanto, etc.); also used with a to create alternative emphatic dative forms.
¹³ Only in "ci si", replaces indefinite si (“one”) before reflexive si (“oneself”).

Adverb

ci

1. to there, here, there

   Synonym: vi (formal)

   Ci sono andato ― I have been there

   Ci siamo ― We're here

   Ci sono molte cose ― There are many things

   C'è un problema ― There is a problem

2. forms part of many verbs:

   volerci ― to require/take

   abituarcisi ― to get used to it

   riuscirci ― to be able to do it

   entrarci ― to have to do with something

   contarci ― to count on it

   pensarci ― to think about it

   starci ― to agree / to be up for something

   farcela ― to manage to do something

   crederci ― to believe it

See also

• ivi
• là
• qua
• qui

Etymology 3

Alternative forms

• tchi, twi, kyi

Noun

ci m (uncountable)

1. the Twi language family

Further reading

• “ci³”, in Vocabolario Treccani on line (in Italian), Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana, 2026

Kangjia

Etymology

From Proto-Mongolic *či; compare Mongolian чи (či), Dongxiang chi.

Pronoun

ci

1. you

Kanuri

Noun

ci

1. mouth

Latgalian

Etymology

Borrowed from Belarusian ці (ci).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈt͡sʲi]
• Hyphenation: ci

Particle

ci

1. Used to form polar questions.

Synonyms

• voi

References

• A. Andronov; L. Leikuma (2008), Latgalīšu-Latvīšu-Krīvu sarunu vuordineica, Lvava, →ISBN, page 13

Latin

Verb

cī

1. second-person singular present active imperative of ciō

Malay

ci

Etymology

From Sundanese ᮎᮤ (ci).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /t͡ʃi/
• Rhymes: -t͡ʃi, -i

Noun

ci (Jawi spelling چي, plural ci-ci)

1. river (large stream which drains a landmass)

Synonyms

• alir
• alur
• batang
• bengawan
• kali
• sungai
• wai

Further reading

• "ci" in Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu (PRPM) [Malay Literary Reference Centre (PRPM)] (in Malay), Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2017
  (also see "ci" at PRPM first version)

Mandarin

Romanization

ci

1. nonstandard spelling of cī
2. nonstandard spelling of cí
3. nonstandard spelling of cǐ
4. nonstandard spelling of cì

Usage notes

• Transcriptions of Mandarin into the Latin script often do not distinguish between the critical tonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without indication of tone.

Noone

Verb

ci

1. strike

Synonyms

• kfune
• nyɛw
• suŋ

References

• R. Blench, Beboid Comparative

Nupe

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /t͡ʃī/

Conjunction

ci

1. Used to order actions temporally: then; and

   Musa à bá nakàn yínna, Gàná ci à gí eci yínna ― Musa will cut meat today, and Gana will eat yam today

Usage notes

• ci is solely used to join verbs/sentences and not nouns, for which tò is used. Additionally, when ci is used, the subject of each verb must be specified.

See also

• ma

Old French

Etymology

From Late Latin ecce hīc.

Adverb

ci

1. here (in this place)
   • c. 1250, Marie de France, Guigemar:

     Va t'en de ci ! Lai me aveir pes.

     Go, leave this place! Let me have peace.

Descendants

• French: ici, ci
• Poitevin-Saintongeais: içhi

Old Irish

Pronoun

ci

1. alternative form of cía (“who/what?”)

Conjunction

ci

1. alternative form of cía (“although, even if”)

Polish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈt͡ɕi/

• Audio 1:

  (file)

• Audio 2:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -i
• Syllabification: ci

Etymology 1

Alternative forms

• (stressed) tobie

Etymology 2

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *ti.

Pronoun

ci

1. (unstressed) dative singular of ty

Etymology 3

Pronoun

ci

1. virile nominative/vocative plural of ten

Romanian

Etymology

From ce.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /t͡ʃi/

Conjunction

ci

1. (adversative) but; so that; on the contrary, opposite

   Nici eu, ci el. ― Not I, but he.

See also

• dimpotrivă
• dar

Sicilian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [t͡ʃːɪ]
• IPA^(key): [t͡ʃː(ɪ)‿] (if followed by a vowel)

Etymology 1

Supposedly through an intermediate *(i)ci, possibly because of the irregular starting palatilized consonant; ultimately from Latin illī, dative of ille. Cognate with Italian gli (dative), Portuguese lhe, and Old Spanish ge. The pronunciation of this latter shifted from /ʒe/ to /ʃe/ in Early Modern Spanish, yielding an irregular Spanish se.

Alternative forms

• -ci (enclitic)
• -cillu, -cilla, -cilli (enclitic + pronoun particles)
• -cci (proscribed)

Pronoun

ci

1. dative of iḍḍu (“he”); to him
2. dative of iḍḍa (“she”); to her
3. dative of iḍḍi (“they”); to them

Usage notes

• Unlike in Italian, the Sicilian pronoun ci is not used for the first-person plural ('us'). The Sicilian equivalent is ni.

Inflection

3rd person	m	f	pl
nominative	iḍḍu	iḍḍa	iḍḍi
prepositional	iḍḍu	iḍḍa	iḍḍi
accusative	lu/u	la/a	li/i
dative	ci	ci	ci
reflexive	si	si	si

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Adverb

ci

1. alternative form of cci (“there”) (proscribed)

Somali

Etymology

Cognate with Oromo iyyuu.

Verb

ci

1. (ambitransitive) chirp (of birds)
2. (intransitive) call out (to someone)

References

• “ci”, in Qaamuuska Af-Soomaaliga, 2012

Sundanese

Etymology

From cai.

Noun

ci (Sundanese spelling ᮎᮤ)

1. water
2. river

Usage notes

• Commonly used for making compound words (e.g. kinds of water, names of rivers, settlements, etc.)

Derived terms

• Ciamis
• Cianjur
• cibéas
• cihaneut
• cikama
• cikiih
• cikokocrot
• cileuncang
• Ciliwung
• Cimahi
• cipanas
• cipanon
• cipati
• Cirebon
• Citanduy
• Ciwidey

• dicician
• dicicikeun
• nyician
• nyicikeun

Further reading

• "TJI", in Coolsma, S (1913), Soendaneesch-Hollandsch Woordenboek (in Dutch), Leiden: A.W. Sijthoff's Uitgeversmaatschappij

Tarantino

Etymology

Palatalization of an earlier *chi (/ki/), from the same continuum of Sicilian cui~cu'. Cognate with Italian chi.

Pronoun

ci (relative)

1. who

Tedim Chin

Etymology

From Proto-Kuki-Chin *tsii, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-tsji.

Noun

ci

1. salt

References

• Zomi Ordbog based on the work of D.L. Haokip

Venetan

Etymology

From Latin quis (compare Italian chi).

Pronoun

ci (interrogative)

1. who?

Usage notes

• Redoubled for reinforcement.

  Ci èlo ci?

  Who on earth is he?

Walloon

Etymology

From Old French cist, from Latin ecce istum (< iste).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /si/

Determiner

ci (after an open syllabe : ç', feminine : cisse, masculine form before vowel : cist, feminine form before vowel : ciste, plural : ces)

1. this

   Ci rotch

   This rock

   C' est ç' rotch-ci

   It's this rock

   Cist ome

   This man

   Cisse gayole

   This box

   Ciste afwaire

   This affair

   Ces måjhons

   These houses

Pronoun

ci (before a vowel : c', alternative form : çou)

1. it, this

   Ci m' fwait må

   It hurts me

   C' est on ome

   It a man

Welsh

ci

Etymology

From Middle Welsh ki, from Proto-Brythonic *ki, from Proto-Celtic *kū, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱwṓ.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kiː/
• Rhymes: -iː

Noun

ci m (plural cŵn)

1. dog

Coordinate terms

• gast (“bitch (all senses)”)

Derived terms

• bresych y cŵn (“ dog's mercury”)
• cachgi, llechgi, llwfrgi (“coward”)
• ci poeth (“hotdog”)
• ciaidd (“savage, fierce”)
• (literary) ciros (“dog roses”)
• clapgi, clepgi (“telltale”)
• codi cyn cŵn Caer (“to get up at the crack of dawn”)
• corgi (“corgi”)
• Cŵn Annwn (“Gabriel Ratchets”)
• cyn codi cŵn Caer (“at the crack of dawn”)
• cynaidd, cynol, cïol (“canine”)
• cynffongi (“sycophant, sponger”)
• chwiwgi (“sneak-thief, slasher”)
• daeargi (“terrier”)
• dant y ci (“dandelion”)
• dwrgi (“otter”)
• gellgi (“a Welsh staghound”)
• gwenci (“weasel”)
• gwyllgi (“hellhound”)
• helgi (“hound”)
• hyddgi (“staghound”)
• melog y cŵn (“common lousewort”)
• Rhonell y Ci (“Little Bear”)
• rhos y cŵn (“dog roses, sweetbriers”)
• rhosyn y cŵn, briallu'r cŵn (“dogrose”)
• Seren y Ci, Seren y Cŵn (“the Dog Star”)
• suran y cŵn (“common sorrel”)
• ufferngi (“hell-hound”)

Mutation

Mutated forms of ci

radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
ci	gi	nghi	chi

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Further reading

• D. G. Lewis, N. Lewis, editors (2005–present), “ci”, in Gweiadur: the Welsh–English Dictionary, Gwerin
• R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke, et al., editors (1950–present), “ci”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies

White Hmong

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ci˧/

Verb

ci

1. to cook, to roast, to toast
2. to glow, to shine

Yao (Africa)

Alternative forms

• chi

Etymology

Cognate with Chichewa -chi- (“adjectival particle”).

Particle

ci

1. particle for creating adjectives, meaning "the kind of, the sort of"

Usage notes

This particle is used with nouns denoting tribes or places.

Derived terms

• ci Bantu (“Bantu”)

References

• Rev. Alexander Hetherwick, M.A., F.R.G.S. (1889), Introductory Handbook of the Yao Language‎^[2], Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, page 97

Zhuang

Pronunciation

• (Standard Zhuang) IPA^(key): /ɕi˨˦/
• Tone numbers: ci¹
• Hyphenation: ci

Etymology 1

From Chinese 車 (MC tsyhae).

Noun

ci (1957–1982 spelling ci)

1. vehicle

Classifier

ci (1957–1982 spelling ci)

1. carload of; cartload of; truckload of

Verb

ci (1957–1982 spelling ci)

1. to sew with a sewing machine
2. to machine on a lathe

Etymology 2

From Chinese 吹 (MC tsyhwe).

Verb

ci (Sawndip form 𫩝, 1957–1982 spelling ci)

1. (intransitive, of wind) to blow

   Synonyms: (dialectal) baed, (dialectal) daet, (dialectal) boq, (dialectal) coi

2. (transitive) to blow

   Synonym: (dialectal) baed

3. (transitive) to play (a wind instrument)
4. (transitive) to pump (a bellows)

   Synonyms: (dialectal) daz, (dialectal) boz

Etymology 3

From Chinese 催 (MC tshwoj).

Verb

ci (1957–1982 spelling ci)

1. to urge

   Synonyms: (dialectal) cui, (dialectal) dok

Etymology 4

From Chinese 支 (MC tsye).

Classifier

ci (1957–1982 spelling ci)

1. Used for stick-like objects.