ipse

Interlingua

Etymology

From Latin ipse.

Pronoun

ipse

himself; herself; itself

Latin

Alternative forms

ipsus (Old Latin, proscribed in Late Latin)

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Italic *e(s)peso, a compound pronoun whose p sound has an origin difficult to trace.

The p sound is traditionally explained as follows. In Old Latin when both parts were inflected, an epenthetic consonant, p, was inserted in the form *eum-sum, yielding *eum-p-sum. From these accusative forms the stems -pso and -psā were extracted and adapted to the nominative forms, thus *ipsus and *eapsa. Ultimately the paradigm was assimilated to that of iste, ille, with only later in the history of Latin neuter ipsum becoming ipsud.^[1]

De Vaan argues that the p need not necessarily be epenthetic, but instead it may be the particle -pe.^[2]

Pronunciation

(Classical Latin) IPA^(key): [ˈɪp.sɛ]
(modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): [ˈip.se]
Hyphenation: ip‧se

Determiner

ipse (feminine ipsa, neuter ipsum or ipsud, no comparative, superlative ipsissimus or ipsimus); demonstrative determiner (pronominal declension)

(emphatic) himself, herself, itself, the very, the actual
- 8 CE, Ovidius, Fasti 5.6:
  cōpiaque ipsa nocet
  and the very abundance [of choices] hurts
specific reference to the chief, the leader, the one, etc., used to distinguish the principal person from the subordinates
- 100 CE – 127 CE, Juvenalis, Saturae 4X.7:
  euertere domos totas optantibus ipsis
  di faciles.
  Whole households have been destroyed by compliant gods for some masters' prayers.
- 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Vergilius, Aeneis 1.113–115:
  Ūnam, quae Lyciōs fīdumque vehēbat Orontēn,
  ipsius ante oculōs, ingēns ā vertice pontus
  in puppim ferit [...].
  One [ship], which was carrying the faithful Orontes and [his] Lycians – [and it happened] before the eyes of [Aeneas] himself – a huge wave [descending] from high above smashes upon [its] stern [...].
  (See: Aeneas; Lycia, Lycians.)
in person
for one's part, for his part, for her part
alone, by oneself, by one's own accord, of one's own nature
- 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Vergilius, Aeneis 4.475–476:
  [...] tempus sēcum ipsa modumque / exigit, [...].
  [..., and] all by herself [Dido] works out the time and manner [of her own death], [...].
  (Literally, “with she herself;” in other words, Dido tells no one about her suicidal thoughts.)
(in the neuter singular, with adverbs of time) just
nunc ipsum ― just now; at this very time

tum ipsum ― just now; at that very time
exactly, precisely, just (with a numeral or for contrast)

Declension

Demonstrative determiner (pronominal declension).

	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
	singular			plural
nominative	ipse	ipsa	ipsum ipsud¹	ipsī	ipsae	ipsa
genitive	ipsī̆us			ipsōrum	ipsārum	ipsōrum
dative	ipsī			ipsīs
accusative	ipsum	ipsam	ipsum ipsud¹	ipsōs	ipsās	ipsa
ablative	ipsō	ipsā	ipsō	ipsīs
vocative	—			—

¹Medieval Latin.

Coordinate terms

Latin correlatives ^(edit)

type	demonstrative			anaphoric	identity	interrogative or basic relative	indefinite							alternative
type	proximal	medial	distal	anaphoric	identity	interrogative or basic relative	relative	irrelative	free choice	universal	positive polarity	negative polarity	negative	alternative
basic	hic	iste istic	ille illic	is	ᵉipse īdem	quis quī	quīcumque quisquis	quīdam aliquis, quis aliquī, quī nesciō quis	quīvis quīlibet	quisque	quispiam	quisquam hīlum ūllus	nēmō̆ nihil nūllus	alius
ᵇcomparative	huiusmodī ᵉhuiuscemodī	istī̆usmodī ᵉistī̆uscemodī	illī̆usmodī ᵉillī̆uscemodī	eiusmodī	eiusdemmodī	cuiusmodī	cuiusmodīcumque	alicuiusmodī cuiusdammodī	cuiusvīsmodī	cuiusquemodī			°nūllī̆usmodī	alterī̆usmodī alīusmodī
dual						uter	utercumque	alteruter	utervīs uterlibet	uterque			neuter	alter
place	hīc	istīc	illīc	ibī̆	ibī̆dem	ubī̆	ubī̆cumque °ubiubī̆	alicubī̆	ubivīs ubilibet	ubīque	uspiam	usquam °ubīquam	nusquam nūllibī	alibī aliās
source	hinc	istinc °istim	illinc °illim	inde ªim	indidem	unde °cum	undecumque °undeunde	alicunde	°undelibet	undique		°undiquam	°nūllunde	aliunde
destination	hūc hōc °hōrsum	istūc istō, istōc °istōrsum	illūc illō, illōc °illōrsum	eō	eōdem	quō quōrsum	quōcumque quōquō °quōrsumcumque	aliquō °aliquōvorsum	quōvīs quōlibet	quōque	quōpiam uspiam	usquam quōquam ªūllō	nusquam ªnihilō ªnūllō °nūllōrsum	aliō aliōrsum
means, way, path, place	hāc	ªistā istāc	ªillā illāc	eā	eādem	quā quārē	quācumque quāquā	aliquā	quāvīs quālibet	°quāque	°quāpiam	°quāquam ªūllā	nēquāquam ªnūllā ᵉhaudquāquam	aliā
ᵇdistance	hāctenus	°istātenus °istāctenus	°illātenus °illāctenus	eātenus		quātenus	°quātenuscumque °quāquātenus	aliquātenus quādantenus	°quātenusvīs °quātenuslibet			ūllātenus	nūllātenus	aliātenus
ᵇreason	°hācpropter °hōccircā	°istāpropter	°illāpropter	eāpropter proptereā eōcircā idcircō ideō		ᶜcūr quāpropter quōcircā quārē †quia								°aliāpropter
ᵇmanner	hōc modō	istō modō	illō modō	ita ᵉsīc eō modō	item itidem eādem operā eōdem modō	ut prout °quem quō modō quōmodo ᵉquemadmodum	utcumque °utut °proutcumque quōmodocumque °ᵉquemadmodumcumque	quōdam modō aliquō modō	quōmodolibet	utīque quōque modō	quōpiam modō	°utiquam ūllō modō	nihil neutiquam °neutī̆que nūllō modō	aliter alterō/aliō modō
instrument, matter, knowledge						quī ᵉquīn °quīcum	quīcumque	quī °aliquī	°quīlibet	°quīque	°quia	°quīquam	nihilō nēquīquam	aliōquī ᵉaliōquīn
time	†num nunc		ōlim	tum tunc	simul	quandō̆ ‡cum	quandōcumque quandōque cumque °quandōnē °ᵉquandōquandō °cumcumque	quondam aliquandō̆	°quandōlibet	quandōque	†quoniam	umquam	numquam	aliās
quantity				tam	†tamen †tandem	quam	quamcumque †quamquam	aliquam	quamvīs quamlibet	quamque
size				tantus	tantusdem	quantus	quantuscumque quantusquantus	aliquantus	quantusvīs quantuslibet	quantusque
quality				tālis		quālis	quāliscumque quālisquālis	aliquālis	quālislibet	quālisque
number				tot	totidem	quot	quotquot quotcumque	aliquot	quotlibet
order/fractional				totus		quotus	°quotuscumque	°aliquotus	°quotuslibet	°quotusque °quotusquisque
repetition				totiēns		quotiēns	quotiēnscumque	aliquotiēns	quotiēnslibet	quotiēnsque °quotiēnsquisque			°nūllotiēns
† Turned conjunction with original meaning somewhat changed ° Rare ‡ Only used as a conjunction, not as an interrogative. ª Used almost exclusively to form locutions or compounds. ᵇ All locutions ending in modī, modō, propter, circā or tenus can be univerbalized and vice versa, except de, secus and if another suffix, such as -cumque, -que or -libet, follows them, quemadmodum can also come as a locution in "quem ad modum", quārē can even also come separately especially if accompanied by a preposition, such as dē. ᶜ Used purely and simply as an interrogative in direct questions (then irrelative), its relative meaning is somewhat lost, if it ever had one. ᵉemphatic

Derived terms

egometipse
ipse dīxit
ipsimus
ipsum esse
nōsmetipse
rēapse
rēs ipsa loquitur, rēs loquitur ipsa
sēmetipse
tūmetipse
vōsmetipse

Derived terms

*ad ipsum (Vulgar Latin)
*eccum ipse (Vulgar Latin)
metipse (Vulgar Latin)
*metipsimus (Vulgar Latin)

Descendants

Aragonese: ixe, ixa
Aromanian: nãs, nãsã, is, isã
Asturian: esi, esa, eso, esos, eses
Catalan: eixe, eixa, eixos, eixes
Eastern or Balearic: es, sa, es, ses^[3]
Galician: ese, esa, iso, eses, esas
Gascon: ishe, isha
Italian: esso, essa, essi, esse ⇒ stesso, stessa
Judeo-Italian: אֵיסוֹ (ʔeso /⁠esso⁠/)
Old Franco-Provençal: eis, eissament
- Franco-Provençal: pas n'eis (Terres Froides)
Old French: es, esse, is, en esse de
- French: en esse de (regional, Eastern France)
- Lorrain: èche de
Occitan: eis, eissa
Piedmontese: ës, s, së, is
Portuguese: esse, essa, isso, esses, essas
Romanian: îns, însă, însăși, însele, însuși, înșiși ^[4]
Sardinian: issu; su
Spanish: ese, esa, eso, esos, esas

References

^ Palmer, L.R. (1906) The Latin Language, London, Faber and Faber
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “ipse”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 308
^ Joan Veny (1986): "Els parlars catalans", ed Raixa, →ISBN
^ "The Explanatory Dictionary of the Romanian Language (online version, ed. 2008)", http://dexonline.ro/lexem/%C3%AEnsu%C8%99i/28651

Interlingua

Etymology

Pronoun

Latin

Alternative forms

Etymology

Pronunciation

Determiner

Declension

Coordinate terms

Derived terms

Derived terms

Descendants

References

Further reading