putus

See also: Putus

Indonesian

Alternative forms

Etymology

Inherited from Malay putus, from Classical Malay putus, from Proto-Malayic [Term?], from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian [Term?]. Probably equivalent to utus +‎ per-.

Pronunciation

  • (Standard Indonesian) IPA(key): /ˈputus/ [ˈpu.t̪ʊs]
  • Rhymes: -utus
  • Syllabification: pu‧tus

Adjective

putus (comparative lebih putus, superlative paling putus)

  1. cut off
  2. shortened

Verb

putus

  1. to break off
    putus kontrak ― contract termination
  2. to be spent, to be depleted
    Synonym: habis
  3. to end
    Synonyms: berakhir, rampung, selesai
  4. to lose
    Synonym: hilang
    putus asa ― despair, lit. losing hope
  5. to win
    Synonyms: menang, mendapat
  6. (figurative) to end a relationship; break up
    ... jadi kita putus ― ... so we broke up

Derived terms

  • putus akad
  • putus akal
  • putus arang
  • putus benang
  • putus bicara
  • putus cinta
  • putus harapan
  • putus harga
  • putus ikhtiar
  • putus jiwa
  • putus kaji
  • putus kata
  • putus kuliah
  • putus lot
  • putus mufakat
  • putus napas
  • putus niat
  • putus nyawa
  • putus obat
  • putus rasa
  • putus rezeki
  • putus runut
  • putus sekolah
  • putus tali gantung
  • putus tali ikatan
  • putus umur
  • putus usia

Further reading

Latin

Etymology 1

    Uncertain. Potentially from earlier *ph₁u-tós or *ph₂u-tós,[1] alternatively from *puHtós if pretonic shortening ("Dybo's law") affected words of this shape (however, Schrijver argues that such shortening in Latin was likely restricted to cases where a liquid followed the vowel, citing invītus as counterevidence[2]). Zair doubts that Schrijver is correct to distinguish between outcomes of preconsonantal *CHu- and *CuH-, arguing that *CHu- probably became *CuH- by metathesis already in Proto-Indo-European.[3] Despite the similarity in meaning and form, it may be unrelated to pūrus, from Proto-Indo-European *pewH- (“to cleanse, purify”). Based on the meaning of the derived verb putō, it has been hypothesized that the adjective putus originally meant "cut"[4] or "cut off".[1] Schrijver proposes this developed along the lines of "pruned" > "cleansed" > "clean, pure".

    • Possibly from a Proto-Indo-European root *peh₂w- (“to hit, strike”) shared with paviō (“to beat, strike”) and Ancient Greek παίω (paíō). De Vaan cites Janda 2000, who postulates that *peh₂w- was extended from an earlier root *peh₂-, and that pūrus (“pure”) and Proto-Indo-European *puHrós (“wheat/a type of grain”) are also cognate.[5][6] The "strike" root has alternatively been reconstructed as going back to an earlier *pyeh₂w-.[7]
    • In contrast, Schrijver derives putus from earlier *ph₁u-tós, from a root *peh₁w- (“to cut”), distinct both from the root of paviō (which Schriver derives from *peh₂w- (“to hit, strike”)[8]) and from the root of pūrus (which Schrijver derives from *puh₂-, from a root *ph₂u- related to the PIE word for fire[4] (see *péh₂wr̥ (“fire”). Schrijver rejects the comparison of Latin putus and Sanskrit पूत (pūtá).[4] Assuming *peh₁w- (“to cut”) was a real and distinct root, cognates might include Old English fȳran (“to castrate”)[9] and Lithuanian pjáuti (“to cut, reap”).[10]

    Pronunciation

    Adjective

    putus (feminine puta, neuter putum); first/second-declension adjective (rare)

    1. pure
      Synonym: pūrus
      Antonym: impūrus
      • 1st century BCE, P. Alfenus Varus, Aulus Gellius' Noctes Atticae 7.5.1:
        In foedere quod inter populum Rōmānum et Carthāginiēnsēs factum est, scrīptum invenītur, ut Carthāginiēnsēs quotannīs populō Rōmānō darent certum pondus argentī pūrī putī, quaesītumque est, quid esset pūrum putum. respondī ego putum esse valdē pūrum.
        (please add an English translation of this quotation)
    Declension

    First/second-declension adjective.

    singular plural
    masculine feminine neuter masculine feminine neuter
    nominative putus puta putum putī putae puta
    genitive putī putae putī putōrum putārum putōrum
    dative putō putae putō putīs
    accusative putum putam putum putōs putās puta
    ablative putō putā putō putīs
    vocative pute puta putum putī putae puta
    Derived terms

    References

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “putō, -āre”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 502
    2. ^ Schrijver, Peter C. H. (1991), The Reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European Laryngeals in Latin (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 2), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 341-343
    3. ^ Zair, Nicholas (2012), The Reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European Laryngeals in Celtic, pages 112, 131
    4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Schrijver, Peter C. H. (1991), The Reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European Laryngeals in Latin (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 2), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 241, 247
    5. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “pūrus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 500-501
    6. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “pavio”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 451-452
    7. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “παίω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1144
    8. ^ Schrijver, Peter C. H. (1991), The Reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European Laryngeals in Latin (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 2), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 256, 259, 446
    9. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 161
    10. ^ Derksen, Rick (2015), “pjauti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 360

    Etymology 2

    Conjecture proposed by Joseph Scaliger in his edition of the Catalepton 7 (of disputed authorship; traditionally attributed to Virgil). Three manuscripts read "pothus" and the others read "potus";[1] accordingly, more recent editions read Pothus (“Desire”), i.e. personified Ancient Greek πόθος (póthos).[2] If the conjecture is spurious, the term would be a ghost word.

    If genuine, putus would match the base form of pusillus, putillus (see the former for details) as well as a number of Italic and Indo-European cognates. For this reason it has found a circulation in etymological works and is included as a headword by De Vaan.[3] See Proto-Italic *putlos and Latin puer, pūsus, pullus.

    Noun

    putus m (genitive putī); second declension

    2. (hapax legomenon, conjecture) a boy
      Synonyms: puellus, puerulus, pūsus, pūsiō, pusillus, puer
      • Catalepton 7 (elegiac couplets):
        Sī licet, hoc sine fraude, Varī dulcissime, dīcam:
        "dispeream nisi mē perdidit iste p<u>tos";
        sīn autem praecepta vetant mē dīcere, sānē
        nōn dīcam, sed: 'mē perdidit iste puer'.
        (please add an English translation of this quotation)
    3. (Can we verify(+) this sense?) (Vulgar Latin, slang, vulgar) whore, manwhore, prostitute, bitch
    Derived terms
    Descendants
    • Portuguese: puto
    • Italian: putto
    • Galician: puto
    • Catalan: puto
    • Spanish: puto
    • French: pute, putain

    References

    1. ^ Oosterhuis, David Kirk (2007), The Catalepton: Myths of Virgil, page 65
    2. ^ Virgil Catalepton 7.2 on PHI, which contains a 1966 edition by J. A. Raymond
    3. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “putus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 502

    Further reading

    • “putus”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
    • “putus”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891), An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
    • "putus", in Charles du Fresne du Cange, Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
    • “putus”, in Gaffiot, Félix (1934), Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
    • “putus” in volume 10, part 2, column 2780, line 38 in the Thesaurus Linguae Latinae (TLL Open Access), Berlin (formerly Leipzig): De Gruyter (formerly Teubner), 1900–present

    Malay

    Etymology

    Inherited from Proto-Malayic [Term?], from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian [Term?] (compare Fijian mudu, Māori mutu). Probably equivalent to utus +‎ per-.

    Pronunciation

    Adjective

    putus (Jawi spelling ڤوتوس, comparative lebih putus, superlative paling putus)

    1. cut off
    2. shortened

    Verb

    putus (Jawi spelling ڤوتوس)

    1. to cut off
    2. (figurative) to break up a relationship
      Synonym: clash (Malaysia, slang)
    3. to end
    4. to decide

    Derived terms

    Descendants

    Further reading

    Tausug

    Pronunciation

    • (Sinūgan Parianun) IPA(key): /putus/ [pʊˈt̪us]
    • Rhymes: -us
    • Syllabification: pu‧tus

    Noun

    putus

    1. wrapper, wrapping
    2. covering

    Verb

    putus

    1. to wrap
      Putusa in labban ini.
      Wrap this box.
    2. to dip, to coat
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