tunga

See also: Tunga, tũnga, tūnga, and tunga'

Cebuano

Etymology

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *teŋaq. Cognate with Malay tengah, Ilocano tengnga, and Māori tonga.

Pronunciation

• (Standard Cebuano) IPA^(key): /tuˈŋaʔ/ [t̪uˈŋaʔ]
• Rhymes: -aʔ
• Syllabification: tu‧nga

Adjective

tungâ

1. half

Noun

tungâ

1. center; middle
   1. (geometry) the center of a circle
   2. (geometry) the center of a sphere
   3. the middle portion of something; the part well away from the edges
   4. (geometry) the point on a line that is midway between the ends
   5. (geometry) the point in the interior of any figure of any number of dimensions that has as its coordinates the arithmetic mean of the coordinates of all points on the perimeter of the figure (or of all points in the interior for a center of volume)
2. (slang, euphemistic) vagina

Verb

tungâ

1. to split into halves
2. to increase to halfway point
3. to show up

Faroese

Etymology

From Old Norse tunga, from Proto-Germanic *tungǭ, from Proto-Indo-European *dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈtʰʊŋka/

Noun

tunga f (genitive singular tungu, plural tungur)

1. tongue (organ)
2. mother tongue, language
3. tongue of land in a stream
4. the tongue of a shoe
5. lemon sole (Microstomus kitt)

Declension

f1	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	tunga	tungan	tungur	tungurnar
accusative	tungu	tunguna	tungur	tungurnar
dative	tungu	tunguni	tungum	tungunum
genitive	tungu	tungunnar	tunga	tunganna

Herero

Verb

tunga

1. to build

Icelandic

Etymology

From Old Norse tunga, from Proto-Germanic *tungǭ, from Proto-Indo-European *dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈtʰuŋka]
• Rhymes: -uŋka

Noun

tunga f (genitive singular tungu, nominative plural tungur)

1. (anatomy) a tongue
2. language
3. the tongue of a shoe

Declension

Declension of tunga (feminine)

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	tunga	tungan	tungur	tungurnar
accusative	tungu	tunguna	tungur	tungurnar
dative	tungu	tungunni	tungum	tungunum
genitive	tungu	tungunnar	tungna	tungnanna

Synonyms

• (language): tungumál, mál, sprok (archaic)

Derived terms

• tungumál
• tungulipur

Kituba

Etymology

Borrowed from Kongo tunga.

Verb

tunga

1. to sew
2. to build

Kongo

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *-tʊ́nga.

Verb

-tunga

1. to sew
2. to build

Kuikúro

Alternative forms

• tuŋá, tugá

Noun

tunga

1. water
   • 2010, Ergativity in Amazonia, →ISBN:

     tunga heke leha ate-lü-ko leha

     water ERG CMPL surround-PNCT-PL CMPL

     the water surrounded them

   • 2012, Languages of the Amazon, →ISBN:

     tuŋá-héke létʃa ate-lə-ko léha

     water-ERG AP 3-encircle-PUNCTUAL-PL ASP

     The water encircled them.

Lingala

Verb

-tunga (infinitive kotunga)

1. to thin, to become thinner, to slim

Derived terms

• Verbal derivations:
  • Causative: -tungisa

Norwegian Bokmål

Alternative forms

• tungen

Noun

tunga m or f

1. definite feminine singular of tunge

Norwegian Nynorsk

Noun

tunga f (definite singular tunga, indefinite plural tunger or tungor, definite plural tungene or tungone)

1. (pre-2012) alternative form of tunge
2. definite singular of tunge

Old Dutch

Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *tungā, from Proto-Germanic *tungǭ, from Proto-Indo-European *dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s.

Noun

tunga f

1. tongue

Inflection

Declension of tunga (feminine ō/ōn-stem noun)

case	singular	plural
nominative	tunga	tunga, tungon
accusative	tunga, tungon	tunga, tungon
genitive	tungon	tungono
dative	tungon	tungon

Descendants

• Middle Dutch: tonge, tonghe
  • Dutch: tong
    • Afrikaans: tong
    • Negerhollands: tong, toṅ, tung
      • → Virgin Islands Creole: ton (dated)
    • Skepi Creole Dutch: tunk
    • →? Sranan Tongo: tongo
      • → Aukan: tongo
      • → Kwinti: tongo
      • → Saramaccan: tongò
  • Limburgish: tóng

Further reading

• “tunga”, in Oudnederlands Woordenboek, 2012

Old High German

Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *dungu.

Noun

tunga ?

1. dung

Old Norse

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *tungǭ, from Proto-Indo-European *dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s.

Noun

tunga f (genitive tungu, plural tungur)

1. tongue
2. language

Declension

Declension of tunga (weak ōn-stem)

feminine	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	tunga	tungan	tungur	tungurnar
accusative	tungu	tunguna	tungur	tungurnar
dative	tungu	tungunni	tungum	tungunum
genitive	tungu	tungunnar	tungna	tungnanna

Descendants

• Icelandic: tunga
• Faroese: tunga
• Norn: tunga
• Elfdalian: tungga
• Norwegian: tunge
• Old Swedish: tunga
  • Swedish: tunga
• Old Danish: tungæ
  • Danish: tunge
• Gutnish: tungge, tunggå, tungga

Further reading

• Zoëga, Geir T. (1910), “tunga”, in A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press; also available at the Internet Archive

Old Saxon

Alternative forms

• tunge

Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *tungā, from Proto-Germanic *tungǭ, from Proto-Indo-European *dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s.

Noun

tunga f

1. tongue
   • 9th c. Heliand, verse 3373-3374

     Tungon mīne, nū siu tēkan haƀad, uƀil arƀēdi, [Inwidrādo,] lēðaro sprāka.

     My tongue now has its sign, an evil effort, language of wicked plots.

2. language

Declension

tunga (feminine n-stem)

	singular	plural
nominative	tunga	tungun, tungan, tungon
accusative	tungun, tungan, tungon	tungun, tungan, tungon
genitive	tungun, tungan, tungon	tungono
dative	tungun, tungan, tungon	tungun, tungan, tungon
instrumental	—	—

Descendants

• Middle Low German: tunge
  • German Low German: Tunge
  • Plautdietsch: Tung

Old Swedish

Etymology

From Old Norse tunga, from Proto-Germanic *tungǭ.

Noun

tunga f

1. tongue
2. speech, language

Declension

Declension of tunga (on-stem)

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	tunga	tungan	tungu(r), -o(r)	tunguna(r), -ona(r)
accusative	tungu, -o	tunguna, -ona	tungu(r), -o(r)	tunguna(r), -ona(r)
dative	tungu, -o	tungunni, -onne	tungum, -om	tungumin, -omen
genitive	tungu, -o	tungunna(r), -onna(r)	tunga	tunganna

Descendants

• Swedish: tunga

Rwanda-Rundi

Verb

-tûnga (infinitive gutûnga, perfective -tûnze)

1. own, possess
2. be wealthy

   Synonym: -kira

   Antonym: -kena

Derived terms

• ubutunzi
• umutunzi

Swahili

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *-tʊ́nga.

Pronunciation

• Audio (Kenya):

  (file)

Verb

-tunga (infinitive kutunga)

1. to compose, to string together, to form matter

   kutunga mashairi ― to compose poems

Conjugation

Conjugation of -tunga
Positive present -natunga Subjunctive -tunge Negative -tungi Imperative singular tunga
Infinitives
Positive kutunga Negative kutotunga
Imperatives
Singular tunga Plural tungeni
Tensed forms
Habitual hutunga Positive past positive subject concord + -litunga Negative past negative subject concord + -kutunga
Positive present (positive subject concord + -natunga) Singular Plural 1st person ninatunga/natunga tunatunga 2nd person unatunga mnatunga 3rd person m-wa(I/II) anatunga wanatunga other classes positive subject concord + -natunga
Negative present (negative subject concord + -tungi) Singular Plural 1st person situngi hatutungi 2nd person hutungi hamtungi 3rd person m-wa(I/II) hatungi hawatungi other classes negative subject concord + -tungi
Positive future positive subject concord + -tatunga Negative future negative subject concord + -tatunga
Positive subjunctive (positive subject concord + -tunge) Singular Plural 1st person nitunge tutunge 2nd person utunge mtunge 3rd person m-wa(I/II) atunge watunge other classes positive subject concord + -tunge
Negative subjunctive positive subject concord + -situnge Positive present conditional positive subject concord + -ngetunga Negative present conditional positive subject concord + -singetunga Positive past conditional positive subject concord + -ngalitunga Negative past conditional positive subject concord + -singalitunga
Gnomic (positive subject concord + -atunga) Singular Plural 1st person natunga twatunga 2nd person watunga mwatunga 3rd person m-wa(I/II) atunga watunga m-mi(III/IV) watunga yatunga ji-ma(V/VI) latunga yatunga ki-vi(VII/VIII) chatunga vyatunga n(IX/X) yatunga zatunga u(XI) watunga see n(X) or ma(VI) class ku(XV/XVII) kwatunga pa(XVI) patunga mu(XVIII) mwatunga
Perfect positive subject concord + -metunga "Already" positive subject concord + -meshatunga "Not yet" negative subject concord + -jatunga "If/When" positive subject concord + -kitunga "If not" positive subject concord + -sipotunga Consecutive katunga / positive subject concord + -katunga Consecutive subjunctive positive subject concord + -katunge
Object concord (indicative positive) Singular Plural 1st person -nitunga -tutunga 2nd person -kutunga -watunga/-kutungeni/-watungeni 3rd person m-wa(I/II) -mtunga -watunga m-mi(III/IV) -utunga -itunga ji-ma(V/VI) -litunga -yatunga ki-vi(VII/VIII) -kitunga -vitunga n(IX/X) -itunga -zitunga u(XI) -utunga see n(X) or ma(VI) class ku(XV/XVII) -kutunga pa(XVI) -patunga mu(XVIII) -mutunga Reflexive -jitunga
Relative forms General positive (positive subject concord + (object concord) + -tunga- + relative marker) Singular Plural m-wa(I/II) -tungaye -tungao m-mi(III/IV) -tungao -tungayo ji-ma(V/VI) -tungalo -tungayo ki-vi(VII/VIII) -tungacho -tungavyo n(IX/X) -tungayo -tungazo u(XI) -tungao see n(X) or ma(VI) class ku(XV/XVII) -tungako pa(XVI) -tungapo mu(XVIII) -tungamo Other forms (subject concord + tense marker + relative marker + (object concord) + -tunga) Singular Plural m-wa(I/II) -yetunga -otunga m-mi(III/IV) -otunga -yotunga ji-ma(V/VI) -lotunga -yotunga ki-vi(VII/VIII) -chotunga -vyotunga n(IX/X) -yotunga -zotunga u(XI) -otunga see n(X) or ma(VI) class ku(XV/XVII) -kotunga pa(XVI) -potunga mu(XVIII) -motunga
Some forms not commonly seen in modern Standard Swahili are absent from the table. See Appendix:Swahili verbs for more information.

Derived terms

• Verbal derivations:
  • Causative: -tungisha
  • Other formations: -tunga mimba (“to get pregnant”)

• Nominal derivations:
  • mtungaji (“composer”)
  • mtunzi (“composer”)
  • utungo

Swedish

en tunga

Pronunciation

• Audio:

  (file)

• IPA^(key): /²tɵŋa/, [²t̪ʰɵŋa]
• Rhymes: -²ɵŋa

Etymology 1

From Old Swedish tunga, from Old Norse tunga, from Proto-Germanic *tungǭ, from Proto-Indo-European *dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s.

Noun

tunga c

1. a tongue (organ)
2. a tongue (flap in a shoe)

   Synonym: plös

3. a language, speech

   De skatter som förvärvas genom falsk tunga, de äro en försvinnande dunst och hasta till döden.

   The getting of treasures by a lying tongue is a vanity tossed to and fro of them that seek death. (Proverbs 21:6 – old bible translation with archaic language)

Declension

Declension of tunga

		nominative	genitive
singular	indefinite	tunga	tungas
	definite	tungan	tungans
plural	indefinite	tungor	tungors
	definite	tungorna	tungornas

Derived terms

• hålla tungan rätt i mun
• tala med kluven tunga (“speak with a forked tongue”)
• tala i tungor (“speak in tongues”)
• tungspatel (“tongue depressor”)

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Adjective

tunga

1. inflection of tung:
   1. definite singular
   2. plural

Noun

tunga c

1. (archaic) weight (how heavy something is, from the adjective tung = heavy)
   1. a weight (for measuring weight with scales)

      Synonyms: tyngd, vikt

      Tyskland var då tungan på den europeiska jämviktens vågskål

      Germany was then the weight in the pan of the European balance

   2. a burden, a trouble

      Synonym: börda

   3. a duty, something one is forced to do or pay

References

• “tunga”, in Svensk ordbok [Dictionary of Swedish] (in Swedish)
• “tunga”, in Svenska Akademiens ordlista [Wordlist of the Swedish Academy] (in Swedish)
• “tunga”, in Svenska Akademiens ordbok [Dictionary of the Swedish Academy] (in Swedish)
• Svensk MeSH