poll

See also: Poll, póll, põll, and Pöll

English

Etymology 1

From Middle English pol, polle ("scalp, pate"), from or cognate with Middle Dutch pol, pōle, polle (“top, summit; head”),[1] from Proto-West Germanic *poll, from Proto-Germanic *pullaz (“round object, head, top”), from Proto-Indo-European *bolno-, *bōwl- (“orb, round object, bubble”), from Proto-Indo-European *bew- (“to blow, swell”).

Akin to Scots pow (“head, crown, scalp, skull”), Saterland Frisian pol (“round, full, brimming”, adjective), German Low German Polle, Poll (“round object, ball”), German Low German Poller (“head, tree-top, bulb”), Danish puld (“crown of a hat”), Swedish dialectal pull (“head”).

Meaning "collection of votes" is first recorded 1625, from the notion of "counting heads".

Alternative forms

Pronunciation

Noun

poll (plural polls)

  2. A survey of people, usually statistically analyzed to gauge wider public opinion.
    Synonym: survey
  4. A formal vote held in order to ascertain the most popular choice.
    Synonyms: vote, election
    The student council had a poll to see what people want served in the cafeteria.
    • 1765–1769, William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England, (please specify |book=I to IV), Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] Clarendon Press, →OCLC:
      All soldiers quartered in place are to remove […] and not to return till one day after the poll is ended.
    • 1942 May-June, Charles E. Lee, “The Brampton Railway”, in Railway Magazine, page 140, relating to an election in 1837:
      The other returns having come in, the result of the poll, that Sir James Graham had been superseded by Major Aglionby, was declared at Carlisle soon after 11 a.m.
  5. A polling place (usually as plural, polling places).
    The polls close at 8 p.m.
  6. The result of the voting, the total number of votes recorded.
  8. (now rare outside veterinary medicine contexts) The head, particularly the scalp or pate upon which hair (normally) grows.
    Synonym: scalp
    • 1881–1882, Robert Louis Stevenson, Treasure Island, London; Paris: Cassell & Company, published 14 November 1883, →OCLC:
      […] the doctor, as if to hear better, had taken off his powdered wig, and sat there, looking very strange indeed with his own close-cropped black poll.
    • 1908, O. Henry, A Tempered Wind:
      And you might perceive the president and general manager, Mr. R. G. Atterbury, with his priceless polished poll, busy in the main office room dictating letters..
    • 2005, Stuart W. Pyhrr; Donald J. LaRocca; Dirk H. Breiding; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, N.Y.), The Armored Horse in Europe, 1480-1620, Metropolitan Museum of Art, →ISBN, page 53:
      The main plate is formed in two halves, the upper plate having small sideplates, ear guards, an escutcheon plate (blank), and a brass plume-holder, as well as a hinged poll plate.
  9. (in extended senses of the above) A mass of people, a mob or muster, considered as a head count.
  10. The broad or butt end of an axe or a hammer.
  11. The pollard or European chub, a kind of fish.
Derived terms
Translations

Verb

poll (third-person singular simple present polls, present participle polling, simple past and past participle polled)

  1. (transitive) To take, record the votes of (an electorate).
  2. (transitive) To solicit mock votes from (a person or group).
  3. (intransitive) To vote at an election.
  4. To register or deposit, as a vote; to elicit or call forth, as votes or voters.
    He polled a hundred votes more than his opponent.
    • 1717, Thomas Tickell, An Epistle from a Lady in England to a Gentleman at Avignon:
      poll for points of faith his trusty vote
  5. To cut off; to remove by clipping, shearing, etc.; to mow or crop.
    to poll the hair; to poll wool; to poll grass
  6. (transitive) To cut the hair of (a creature).
  7. (transitive) To remove the horns of (an animal).
  8. To remove the top or end of; to clip; to lop.
    to poll a tree
  9. (transitive, computing, communication) To (repeatedly) request the status of something (such as a computer or printer on a network).
    The network hub polled the department’s computers to determine which ones could still respond.
  10. (intransitive, with adverb) To be judged in a poll.
    • 2008, Joanne McEvoy, The politics of Northern Ireland, page 171:
      The election was a resounding defeat for Robert McCartney who polled badly in the six constituencies he contested and even lost his own Assembly seat in North Down.
  11. (obsolete) To extort from; to plunder; to strip. Especially in conjunction with pill for emphasis.
  12. To impose a tax upon.
  13. To pay as one's personal tax.
  14. To enter, as polls or persons, in a list or register; to enroll, especially for purposes of taxation; to enumerate one by one.
  15. (law) To cut or shave smooth or even; to cut in a straight line without indentation.[2]
    a polled deed
Derived terms
Translations

Adjective

poll

  1. (of kinds of livestock which typically have horns) Bred without horns, and thus hornless.
    Poll Hereford
    Red Poll cows
    • 1757, The monthly review, or, literary journal, volume 17, page 416:
      Sheep, that is, the Horned sort, and those without Horns, called Poll Sheep [...]
    • 1960, Frank O'Loghlen, Frank H. Johnston, Cattle country: an illustrated survey of the Australian beef cattle industry, a complete directory of the studs, page 85:
      About 15000 cattle, comprising 10000 Hereford and Poll Hereford, 4000 Aberdeen Angus and 1000 Shorthorn and Poll Shorthorn, are grazed [...]
    • 1970, The Pastoral review, volume 80, page 457:
      Otherwise, both horned and poll sheep continue to be bred from an inner stud.

References

  1. ^ Oxford English Dictionary, 3rd ed. "poll, n.1" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 2006.
  2. ^ Alexander M[ansfield] Burrill (1850–1851), “POLL”, in A New Law Dictionary and Glossary: […], volume (please specify |part= or |volume=I or II), New York, N.Y.: John S. Voorhies, […], →OCLC.

Etymology 2

Perhaps a shortening of Polly, a common name for pet parrots.

Pronunciation

Noun

poll (plural polls)

  1. A pet parrot.

Etymology 3

From Ancient Greek πολλοί (polloí, “the many, the masses”), as in hoi polloi.

Pronunciation

Noun

poll (plural polls)

  1. (UK, dated, Cambridge University) One who does not try for honors at university, but is content to take a degree merely; a passman.
See also

References

Catalan

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

Inherited from Old Catalan poll, from Latin pullus.

Noun

poll m (plural polls)

  1. chicken (bird)
Derived terms

Etymology 2

Inherited from Old Catalan pooll~peoll, from Late Latin pēduculus.

Noun

poll m (plural polls)

  1. louse (insect)
Derived terms
See also

References

Etymology 3

Ultimately from Latin pōpulus.

Noun

poll m (plural polls)

  1. poplar
    Synonym: pollancre
Derived terms
  • poll blanc
  • poll àlber

References

Cornish

Etymology 1

From Proto-Brythonic *pull, ultimately from Proto-Germanic *pullaz (“pool”), via either Old English pull, pyll (“tidal pool”) or Old Norse pollr. Cognate with Breton poull, Irish and Scottish Gaelic poll, and Welsh pwll.

Noun

poll m (plural pollow)

  1. pool
  2. pond
    Synonym: lagen
  3. pit
    Synonym: pytt
  4. anchorage
    Synonyms: ankorva, lulyn
Derived terms
  • amal poll (“poolside”, noun)
  • min poll (“poolside”, adjective)
  • poll heyji (“duck pond”)
  • poll margh (“horse trough”)
  • poll pri (“clay pit”)
  • poll-neuvya (“swimming pool”)
  • poll-troyllya (“whirlpool”)

Etymology 2

From Proto-Brythonic *puɨll, from Proto-Celtic *kʷeislā. Cognate with Welsh pwyll.

Noun

poll m (plural pollow)

  1. intelligence
  2. reason

Mutation

Mutation of poll
radical soft aspirate hard mixed
poll boll foll unchanged unchanged

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Cornish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Dutch

Pronunciation

  • Audio:(file)

Verb

poll

  1. inflection of pollen:
    1. first-person singular present indicative
    2. (in case of inversion) second-person singular present indicative
    3. imperative

German

Verb

poll

  1. singular imperative of pollen
  2. (colloquial) first-person singular present of pollen

Icelandic

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): [ˈpʰɔtl̥]
  • Rhymes: -ɔtl̥

Noun

poll

  1. indefinite accusative singular of pollur

Irish

Etymology

From Middle Irish poll (“hole”),[1] from Old English pull, pyll (“tidal pool”) and/or Old Norse pollr (whence Icelandic pollur), from Proto-Germanic *pullaz (“pool”). Cognate with Welsh pwll.

Pronunciation

Noun

poll m (genitive singular poill, nominative plural poill)

  1. hole, pit
  2. pool (small body of standing or stagnant water)
  3. burrow (tunnel or hole dug by animal)
  4. vent (opening), aperture
  5. (anatomy) orifice
  6. leak (crack, crevice, fissure)

Declension

Declension of poll (first declension)
bare forms
singular plural
nominative poll poill
vocative a phoill a pholla
genitive poill poll
dative poll poill
forms with the definite article
singular plural
nominative an poll na poill
genitive an phoill na bpoll
dative leis an bpoll
don pholl 		leis na poill

Synonyms

Derived terms

  • dúnpholl (“manhole”)
  • dúpholl (“black hole”)
  • Poll an Aifrinn (“Mass Rock in County Monaghan, Ireland”, literally “Hollow of the Mass”)
  • poll an bhaic (“hole in chimney corner”)
  • poll ascaille (“armhole”)
  • poll bréan (“cesspool”)
  • poll dubh (“black hole”)
  • poll duibheagáin (“bottomless pit”)
  • poll eochrach (“keyhole”)
  • poll guairneáin (“vortex”)
  • poll iomlaisc (“wallow”)
  • poll péiste (“wormhole”)
  • poll stócála (“stokehole”)
  • poll súraic (“swallow hole; whirlpool”)
  • poll tóraíochta (“borehole”)

Verb

poll (present analytic pollann, future analytic pollfaidh, verbal noun polladh, past participle pollta)

  1. (ambitransitive) to puncture, pierce, perforate

Conjugation

Conjugation of poll (first conjugation – A)
indicative singular plural direct relative autonomous
first second third first second third
present pollaim pollann tú;
pollair† 		pollann sé, sí pollaimid; pollann muid pollann sibh pollann siad;
pollaid† 		a phollann; a phollas polltar
past pholl mé; phollas pholl tú; phollais pholl sé, sí phollamar; pholl muid pholl sibh; phollabhair pholl siad; pholladar a pholl polladh
past habitual phollainn /
pollainn‡ 		pholltá /
polltᇠ		pholladh sé, sí /
polladh sé, sí‡ 		phollaimis; pholladh muid /
pollaimis‡; polladh muid‡ 		pholladh sibh /
polladh sibh‡ 		phollaidís; pholladh siad /
pollaidís‡; polladh siad‡ 		a pholladh pholltaí /
polltaí‡
singular plural direct relative autonomous
first second third first second third
future pollfaidh mé;
pollfad 		pollfaidh tú;
pollfair† 		pollfaidh sé, sí pollfaimid;
pollfaidh muid 		pollfaidh sibh pollfaidh siad;
pollfaid† 		a phollfaidh; a phollfas pollfar
conditional phollfainn /
pollfainn‡ 		phollfá /
pollfᇠ		phollfadh sé, sí /
pollfadh sé, sí‡ 		phollfaimis; phollfadh muid /
pollfaimis‡; pollfadh muid‡ 		phollfadh sibh /
pollfadh sibh‡ 		phollfaidís; phollfadh siad /
pollfaidís‡; pollfadh siad‡ 		a phollfadh phollfaí /
pollfaí‡
subjunctive singular plural direct relative autonomous
first second third first second third
present go bpolla mé;
go bpollad† 		go bpolla tú;
go bpollair† 		go bpolla sé, sí go bpollaimid;
go bpolla muid 		go bpolla sibh go bpolla siad;
go bpollaid† 		— go bpolltar
past dá bpollainn dá bpolltá dá bpolladh sé, sí dá bpollaimis;
dá bpolladh muid 		dá bpolladh sibh dá bpollaidís;
dá bpolladh siad 		— dá bpolltaí
imperative singular plural direct relative autonomous
first second third first second third
— pollaim poll polladh sé, sí pollaimis pollaigí;
pollaidh† 		pollaidís — polltar
past participle pollta
verbal noun polladh

† archaic or dialect form
‡ dependent form

Derived terms

  • polltóir (“perforator”)
  • uchtbhalla pollta (“machicolation”)

Mutation

Mutated forms of poll
radical lenition eclipsis
poll pholl bpoll

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

References

References
  1. ^ Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “poll”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
  2. ^ Sjoestedt, M. L. (1938), Description d’un parler irlandais de Kerry [Description of an Irish dialect of Kerry] (in French), Paris: Librairie Ancienne Honoré Champion, § 2, page 5
  3. ^ Ó Sé, Diarmuid (2000), Gaeilge Chorca Dhuibhne [The Irish of Corkaguiny] (in Irish), Institiúid Teangeolaíochta Éireann [Linguistics Institute of Ireland], →ISBN, section 8, page 13
  4. ^ Ó Cuív, Brian (1968), The Irish of West Muskerry, Co. Cork: A Phonetic Study, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, →ISBN, section 101, page 29; reprinted 1988
  5. ^ Finck, F. N. (1899), Die araner mundart [The Aran Dialect] (in German), Zweiter Band: Wörterbuch [Second volume: Dictionary], Marburg: Elwert’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, page 209
  6. ^ de Bhaldraithe, Tomás (1975), The Irish of Cois Fhairrge, Co. Galway: A Phonetic Study, revised edition, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, § 215, page 40
  7. ^ de Búrca, Seán (1958), The Irish of Tourmakeady, Co. Mayo: A Phonemic Study, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, →ISBN, section 347, page 68
  8. ^ Quiggin, E. C. (1906), A Dialect of Donegal, Cambridge University Press, § 55, page 23

Further reading

  • A. Palandri, Ú. Bhreathnach, M. Měchura, G. Ó Cleircín, and B. Ó Raghallaigh, (2026), “poll”, in Taisce Chanúintí na Gaeilge - Repository of Irish Dialects‎[1] (in Irish and English), Dublin City University
  • Dinneen, Patrick S. (1927), “poll; pollaim”, in Foclóir Gaeḋilge agus Béarla [Irish and English Dictionary], 2nd edition, Dublin: Irish Texts Society, page 853; reprinted with additions 1996, →ISBN
  • “poll”, in Foclóir Nua Gaeilge [New Irish Dictionary] (in Irish), Foras na Gaeilge, 2013–2026
  • Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977), “poll”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla [Irish–English Dictionary], Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN

Middle English

Etymology

Probably from Middle Dutch pol (“head, top”) or Middle Low German pol (“head”), from Old Dutch or Old Saxon *pol, from Proto-West Germanic *poll (“swollen end, top end”).

See also Scots pow (“head, crown, scalp”), Saterland Frisian Polle (“wooden block used as a fulcrum”), Dutch pol (“tuft, tussock”), Danish puld (“crown of a hat”).

Noun

poll

  1. A head, particularly the scalp or pate upon which the hair (normally) grows

References

Norwegian Nynorsk

Etymology

From Old Norse pollr.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /pɔlː/
  • (segmentation) IPA(key): /pɔdl/

Noun

poll m (definite singular pollen, indefinite plural pollar, definite plural pollane)

  1. a small branch of a fjord, often with a narrow inlet

Further reading

Romanian

Etymology

    Borrowed from English poll.

    Noun

    poll n (plural polluri)

    1. vote, election
    2. opinion poll

    Declension

    singular plural
    indefinite definite indefinite definite
    nominative-accusative poll pollul polluri pollurile
    genitive-dative poll pollului polluri pollurilor
    vocative pollule pollurilor

    References

    • poll in Academia Română, Micul dicționar academic, ediția a II-a, Bucharest: Univers Enciclopedic, 2010. →ISBN

    Scottish Gaelic

    Pronunciation

    • IPA(key): /pʰɔul̪ˠ/

    Etymology 1

    From Middle Irish poll (“hole”), from Old English pull, pyll (“tidal pool”) or Old Norse pollr (whence Icelandic pollur), from Proto-Germanic *pullaz (“pool”). Cognate with Welsh pwll, Irish poll.

    Noun

    poll m (genitive singular puill, nominative plural puill)

    1. hole, pit
    2. mud, mire
    3. bog
    4. pond, pool
    5. a peat bank

    Etymology 2

    Verb

    poll (past pholl, future pollaidh, verbal noun polladh, past participle pollta)

    1. pierce, puncture (make a hole in something)
    Conjugation
    Conjugation of poll (regular)
    indicative independent dependent
    personal impersonal personal impersonal
    past pholl pholladh pholl pholladh
    future pollaidh pollar
    polltar     		poll pollar
    polltar
    relative future phollas phollar — —
    conditional independent dependent
    personal impersonal personal impersonal
    first person singular phollainn pholltadh
    phollaist1
    phollaiste1     		pollainn polltadh
    pollaist1
    pollaiste1
    first person plural phollamaid
    pholladh sinn     		pollamaid
    polladh sinn
    second/third person pholladh polladh
    imperative independent
    singular plural impersonal
    first person pollam pollamaid pollar
    polltar
    second person poll pollaibh
    third person polladh
    past participle pollta
    verbal noun polladh

    1. Lewis dialect form

    Derived terms

    Mutation

    Mutation of poll
    radical lenition
    poll pholl

    Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Scottish Gaelic.
    All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

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