fruor

Latin

Etymology

    From Proto-Italic *frūjōr, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰruHg-ye-ti, from *bʰruHg- (“to use, enjoy”). According to De Vaan, the term followed a development from Proto-Indo-European *bʰruHg-ye- > *frūgje- > *frūje- > *frūwe- > frŭe-.[1] Schrijver suggests that the particular change of *frūje- > *frūwe- is not supported by any other evidence, though he nevertheless considers it phonetically possible, citing pius (“pious”) and fiō (“to become”) as examples of similar developments.[2] However, in a later publication, Schrijver instead provides a development of *frūgje- > *frūje- > fru-, citing that *j was also lost after *u in statuō. The loss of *-j- after *ū would have prevented the regular sound change of *-gy- > -i-, as in aiō.[3] In any case, akin to Proto-Germanic *brūkaną (“to make use of, consume”), whence English brook (Etymology 1).[1]

    Pronunciation

    Verb

    fruor (present infinitive fruī, perfect active frūctus sum or fruitus sum); third conjugation, deponent

    1. to enjoy; to derive pleasure from
      Synonyms: exhilarō, exsultō, dēlectō, permulceō, grātulor, congrātulor, gaudeō
      Antonym: displiceō
    2. to engage (in)

    Usage notes

    Conjugation

       Conjugation of fruor (third conjugation, deponent)
    indicative singular plural
    first second third first second third
    active present fruor frueris,
    fruere     		fruitur fruimur fruiminī fruuntur
    imperfect fruēbar fruēbāris,
    fruēbāre     		fruēbātur fruēbāmur fruēbāminī fruēbantur
    future fruar fruēris,
    fruēre     		fruētur fruēmur fruēminī fruentur
    perfect frūctus or fruitus + present active indicative of sum
    pluperfect frūctus or fruitus + imperfect active indicative of sum
    future perfect frūctus or fruitus + future active indicative of sum
    subjunctive singular plural
    first second third first second third
    active present fruar fruāris,
    fruāre     		fruātur fruāmur fruāminī fruantur
    imperfect fruerer fruerēris,
    fruerēre     		fruerētur fruerēmur fruerēminī fruerentur
    perfect frūctus or fruitus + present active subjunctive of sum
    pluperfect frūctus or fruitus + imperfect active subjunctive of sum
    imperative singular plural
    first second third first second third
    active present — fruere — — fruiminī —
    future — fruitor fruitor — — fruuntor
    non-finite forms infinitive participle
    active passive active passive
    present fruī — fruēns —
    future frūctūrum esse,
    fruitūrum esse     		— frūctūrus,
    fruitūrus     		fruendus
    perfect frūctum esse,
    fruitum esse     		— frūctus,
    fruitus     		—
    future perfect frūctum fore,
    fruitum fore     		— — —
    perfect potential frūctūrum fuisse,
    fruitūrum fuisse     		— — —
    verbal nouns gerund supine
    genitive dative accusative ablative accusative ablative
    fruendī fruendō fruendum fruendō frūctum,
    fruitum     		frūctū,
    fruitū

    Derived terms

    Descendants

    • → Catalan: fruir
    • → Interlingua: fruer
    • → Italian: fruire
    • → Neapolitan: fruì
    • → Portuguese: fruir
    • → Spanish: fruir

    References

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “fruor, fruī”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 244-5
    2. ^ Schrijver, Peter C. H. (1991), The Reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European Laryngeals in Latin (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 2), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 233
    3. ^ Schrijver, Peter (2003), “Athematic i-Presents: The Italic and celtic Evidence”, in Incontri linguistici, volume 26, page 62 of 59-86

    Further reading

    • “frŭor”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
    • “fruor”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891), An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
    • “frŭor”, in Gaffiot, Félix (1934), Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
    • Carl Meißner; Henry William Auden (1894), Latin Phrase-Book‎[1], London: Macmillan and Co.
      • to enjoy the privilege of living; to be alive: vita or hac luce frui
      • to solace oneself with the thought..: hoc solacio frui, uti
      • to be at leisure: otio frui
      • to take one's fill of enjoyment: voluptatibus frui
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