vulnerar

Catalan

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Latin vulnerāre.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (Northern, Central) [bul.nəˈɾa]
• IPA^(key): (Balearic) [vul.nəˈɾa]
• IPA^(key): (Valencia) [vul.neˈɾaɾ]
• IPA^(key): (Northwestern) [bul.neˈɾa]

• Audio (Barcelona):

  (file)

• Rhymes: -a(ɾ)
• Hyphenation: vul‧ne‧rar

Verb

vulnerar (first-person singular present vulnero, first-person singular preterite vulnerí, past participle vulnerat); root stress: (Northern) /e̞/; (Balearic, Central, Northwestern, Valencia) /e/

1. to harm, damage (e.g. a reputation)
2. to infringe, violate (e.g. one's rights)

Conjugation

    Central Catalan conjugation of vulnerar (first conjugation)

infinitive			vulnerar
gerund			vulnerant
past participle				masculine		feminine
		singular		vulnerat		vulnerada
		plural		vulnerats		vulnerades
person		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		jo	tu	ell/ella vostè	nosaltres nós	vosaltres vós	ells/elles vostès
	present	vulnero	vulneres	vulnera	vulnerem	vulnereu	vulneren
	imperfect	vulnerava	vulneraves	vulnerava	vulneràvem	vulneràveu	vulneraven
	future	vulneraré	vulneraràs	vulnerarà	vulnerarem	vulnerareu	vulneraran
	preterite	vulnerí	vulnerares	vulnerà	vulneràrem	vulneràreu	vulneraren
	conditional	vulneraria	vulneraries	vulneraria	vulneraríem	vulneraríeu	vulnerarien
subjunctive		jo	tu	ell/ella vostè	nosaltres nós	vosaltres vós	ells/elles vostès
	present	vulneri	vulneris	vulneri	vulnerem	vulnereu	vulnerin
	imperfect	vulnerés	vulneressis	vulnerés	vulneréssim	vulneréssiu	vulneressin
imperative		—	tu	vostè	nosaltres	vosaltres vós	vostès
	affirmative	—	vulnera	vulneri	vulnerem	vulnereu	vulnerin
	negative (no)	—	no vulneris	no vulneri	no vulnerem	no vulnereu	no vulnerin

Related terms

• vulnerable
• vulneració
• vulnerant
• vulnerari

References

• Alcover, Antoni Maria; Moll, Francesc de Borja (1963), “vulnerar”, in Diccionari català-valencià-balear (in Catalan)

Galician

Etymology

Etymology tree

Latin vulnus

Proto-Indo-European *-h₂

Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂

Proto-Indo-European *-yéti

Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti

Proto-Indo-European *-h₂tiinflu.

Proto-Italic *-ājō

Proto-Italic *-āō

Latin -ō

Latin vulnerārelbor.

Galician vulnerar

Learned borrowing from Latin vulnerāre.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /bulneˈɾaɾ/ [bul.neˈɾaɾ]
• Rhymes: -aɾ
• Hyphenation: vul‧ne‧rar

Verb

vulnerar (first-person singular present vulnero, first-person singular preterite vulnerei, past participle vulnerado)

1. to wound, injure
2. to act against, to diminish the power or authority of (something)

Conjugation

    Conjugation of vulnerar

	Singular			Plural
	First-person (eu)	Second-person (ti)	Third-person (el / ela / Vde.)	First-person (nós)	Second-person (vós)	Third-person (eles / elas / Vdes.)
Infinitive
Impersonal	vulnerar
Personal	vulnerar	vulnerares	vulnerar	vulnerarmos	vulnerardes	vulneraren
Gerund
	vulnerando
Past participle
Masculine	vulnerado			vulnerados
Feminine	vulnerada			vulneradas
Indicative
Present	vulnero	vulneras	vulnera	vulneramos	vulnerades	vulneran
Imperfect	vulneraba	vulnerabas	vulneraba	vulnerabamos	vulnerabades	vulneraban
Preterite	vulnerei	vulneraches	vulnerou	vulneramos	vulnerastes	vulneraron
Pluperfect	vulnerara	vulneraras	vulnerara	vulneraramos	vulnerarades	vulneraran
Future	vulnerarei	vulnerarás	vulnerará	vulneraremos	vulneraredes	vulnerarán
Conditional	vulneraría	vulnerarías	vulneraría	vulnerariamos	vulnerariades	vulnerarían
Subjunctive
Present	vulnere	vulneres	vulnere	vulneremos	vulneredes	vulneren
Imperfect	vulnerase	vulnerases	vulnerase	vulnerásemos	vulnerásedes	vulnerasen
Future	vulnerar	vulnerares	vulnerar	vulnerarmos	vulnerardes	vulneraren
Imperative
Affirmative		vulnera	vulnere	vulneremos	vulnerade	vulneren
Negative (non)		non vulneres	non vulnere	non vulneremos	non vulneredes	non vulneren

    Reintegrated conjugation of vulnerar (See Appendix:Reintegrationism)

	Singular			Plural
	First-person (eu)	Second-person (ti / tu)	Third-person (ele / ela / você)	First-person (nós)	Second-person (vós)	Third-person (eles / elas / vocês)
Infinitive
Impersonal	vulnerar
Personal	vulnerar	vulnerares	vulnerar	vulnerarmos	vulnerardes	vulnerarem
Gerund
	vulnerando
Past participle
Masculine	vulnerado			vulnerados
Feminine	vulnerada			vulneradas
Indicative
Present	vulnero	vulneras	vulnera	vulneramos	vulnerades, vulnerais	vulneram
Imperfect	vulnerava	vulneravas	vulnerava	vulnerávamos	vulnerávades, vulneráveis, vulnerávais1	vulneravam
Preterite	vulnerei	vulneraste, vulnerache1	vulnerou	vulneramos	vulnerastes	vulnerárom, vulneraram
Pluperfect	vulnerara	vulneraras	vulnerara	vulneráramos	vulnerárades, vulneráreis, vulnerárais1	vulneraram
Future	vulnerarei	vulnerarás	vulnerará	vulneraremos	vulneraredes, vulnerareis	vulnerarám, vulnerarão
Conditional	vulneraria	vulnerarias	vulneraria	vulneraríamos	vulneraríades, vulneraríeis, vulneraríais1	vulnerariam
Subjunctive
Present	vulnere	vulneres	vulnere	vulneremos	vulneredes, vulnereis	vulnerem
Imperfect	vulnerasse	vulnerasses	vulnerasse	vulnerássemos	vulnerássedes, vulnerásseis	vulnerassem
Future	vulnerar	vulnerares	vulnerar	vulnerarmos	vulnerardes	vulnerarem
Imperative
Affirmative		vulnera	vulnere	vulneremos	vulnerade, vulnerai	vulnerem
Negative (nom)		nom vulneres	nom vulnere	nom vulneremos	nom vulneredes, nom vulnereis	nom vulnerem

¹Less recommended.

Related terms

• vulnerable
• vulneración

Portuguese

Pronunciation

 

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /vuw.neˈɾa(ʁ)/ [vuʊ̯.neˈɾa(h)]

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /vuw.neˈɾa(ʁ)/ [vuʊ̯.neˈɾa(h)]
  • (São Paulo) IPA^(key): /vuw.neˈɾa(ɾ)/ [vuʊ̯.neˈɾa(ɾ)]
  • (Rio de Janeiro) IPA^(key): /vuw.neˈɾa(ʁ)/ [vuʊ̯.neˈɾa(χ)]
  • (Caipira) IPA^(key): /vuw.neˈɾa(ɻ)/ [vuʊ̯.neˈɾa(ɻ)]

 

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /vul.nɨˈɾaɾ/ [vuɫ.nɨˈɾaɾ]

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /vul.nɨˈɾaɾ/ [vuɫ.nɨˈɾaɾ]
  • (Northern Portugal) IPA^(key): /bul.nɨˈɾaɾ/ [buɫ.nɨˈɾaɾ]
  • (Southern Portugal) IPA^(key): /vul.nɨˈɾa.ɾi/ [vuɫ.nɨˈɾa.ɾi]

• Hyphenation: vul‧ne‧rar

Verb

vulnerar (first-person singular present vulnero, first-person singular preterite vulnerei, past participle vulnerado)

1. (transitive) to wound; to hurt; to injure

   Synonyms: ferir, lesar, machucar

Conjugation

    Conjugation of vulnerar (See Appendix:Portuguese verbs)

	Singular			Plural
	First-person (eu)	Second-person (tu)	Third-person (ele / ela / você)	First-person (nós)	Second-person (vós)	Third-person (eles / elas / vocês)
Infinitive
Impersonal	vulnerar
Personal	vulnerar	vulnerares	vulnerar	vulnerarmos	vulnerardes	vulnerarem
Gerund
	vulnerando
Past participle
Masculine	vulnerado			vulnerados
Feminine	vulnerada			vulneradas
Indicative
Present	vulnero	vulneras	vulnera	vulneramos	vulnerais	vulneram
Imperfect	vulnerava	vulneravas	vulnerava	vulnerávamos	vulneráveis	vulneravam
Preterite	vulnerei	vulneraste	vulnerou	vulneramos1, vulnerámos2	vulnerastes	vulneraram
Pluperfect	vulnerara	vulneraras	vulnerara	vulneráramos	vulneráreis	vulneraram
Future	vulnerarei	vulnerarás	vulnerará	vulneraremos	vulnerareis	vulnerarão
Conditional	vulneraria	vulnerarias	vulneraria	vulneraríamos	vulneraríeis	vulnerariam
Subjunctive
Present	vulnere	vulneres	vulnere	vulneremos	vulnereis	vulnerem
Imperfect	vulnerasse	vulnerasses	vulnerasse	vulnerássemos	vulnerásseis	vulnerassem
Future	vulnerar	vulnerares	vulnerar	vulnerarmos	vulnerardes	vulnerarem
Imperative
Affirmative		vulnera	vulnere	vulneremos	vulnerai	vulnerem
Negative (não)		não vulneres	não vulnere	não vulneremos	não vulnereis	não vulnerem

¹Brazilian Portuguese.
²European Portuguese.

Further reading

• “vulnerar”, in Dicionário Aulete Digital (in Portuguese), Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon Editora Digital, 2008–2026
• “vulnerar”, in Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Lisbon: Priberam, 2008–2026

Spanish

Etymology

Etymology tree

Latin vulnus

Proto-Indo-European *-h₂

Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂

Proto-Indo-European *-yéti

Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti

Proto-Indo-European *-h₂tiinflu.

Proto-Italic *-ājō

Proto-Italic *-āō

Latin -ō

Latin vulnerārelbor.

Spanish vulnerar

Learned borrowing from Latin vulnerāre.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /bulneˈɾaɾ/ [bul.neˈɾaɾ]
• Rhymes: -aɾ
• Syllabification: vul‧ne‧rar

Verb

vulnerar (first-person singular present vulnero, first-person singular preterite vulneré, past participle vulnerado)

1. to damage or injure
2. to violate, to breach, to undermine, to infringe upon, to impinge upon, to contravene
   • 1888, Francisco Sosa Escalante, Violeta:

     En vano grita la razon severa
     Que nadie preste abrigo bondadoso
     A quien las leyes del honor vulnera:

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

Conjugation

    Conjugation of vulnerar (See Appendix:Spanish verbs)

infinitive			vulnerar
gerund			vulnerando
past participle				masculine		feminine
		singular		vulnerado		vulnerada
		plural		vulnerados		vulneradas
		singular			plural
		1st person	2nd person	3rd person	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
indicative		yo	tú vos	él/ella/ello usted	nosotros nosotras	vosotros vosotras	ellos/ellas ustedes
	present	vulnero	vulnerastú vulnerásvos	vulnera	vulneramos	vulneráis	vulneran
	imperfect	vulneraba	vulnerabas	vulneraba	vulnerábamos	vulnerabais	vulneraban
	preterite	vulneré	vulneraste	vulneró	vulneramos	vulnerasteis	vulneraron
	future	vulneraré	vulnerarás	vulnerará	vulneraremos	vulneraréis	vulnerarán
	conditional	vulneraría	vulnerarías	vulneraría	vulneraríamos	vulneraríais	vulnerarían
subjunctive		yo	tú vos	él/ella/ello usted	nosotros nosotras	vosotros vosotras	ellos/ellas ustedes
	present	vulnere	vulnerestú vulnerésvos2	vulnere	vulneremos	vulneréis	vulneren
	imperfect (ra)	vulnerara	vulneraras	vulnerara	vulneráramos	vulnerarais	vulneraran
	imperfect (se)	vulnerase	vulnerases	vulnerase	vulnerásemos	vulneraseis	vulnerasen
	future1	vulnerare	vulnerares	vulnerare	vulneráremos	vulnerareis	vulneraren
imperative		—	tú vos	usted	nosotros nosotras	vosotros vosotras	ustedes
	affirmative		vulneratú vulnerávos	vulnere	vulneremos	vulnerad	vulneren
	negative		no vulneres	no vulnere	no vulneremos	no vulneréis	no vulneren

¹Rare; now chiefly used in legal language.
²Argentine and Uruguayan voseo prefers the tuteo-form for the present subjunctive.

    Selected combined forms of vulnerar

These forms are generated automatically and may not actually be used. Pronoun usage varies by region.

		singular			plural
		1st person	2nd person	3rd person	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
with infinitive vulnerar	dative	vulnerarme	vulnerarte	vulnerarle, vulnerarse	vulnerarnos	vulneraros	vulnerarles, vulnerarse
	accusative	vulnerarme	vulnerarte	vulnerarlo, vulnerarla, vulnerarse	vulnerarnos	vulneraros	vulnerarlos, vulnerarlas, vulnerarse
with gerund vulnerando	dative	vulnerándome	vulnerándote	vulnerándole, vulnerándose	vulnerándonos	vulnerándoos	vulnerándoles, vulnerándose
	accusative	vulnerándome	vulnerándote	vulnerándolo, vulnerándola, vulnerándose	vulnerándonos	vulnerándoos	vulnerándolos, vulnerándolas, vulnerándose
with informal second-person singular tuteo imperative vulnera	dative	vulnérame	vulnérate	vulnérale	vulnéranos	not used	vulnérales
	accusative	vulnérame	vulnérate	vulnéralo, vulnérala	vulnéranos	not used	vulnéralos, vulnéralas
with informal second-person singular voseo imperative vulnerá	dative	vulnerame	vulnerate	vulnerale	vulneranos	not used	vulnerales
	accusative	vulnerame	vulnerate	vulneralo, vulnerala	vulneranos	not used	vulneralos, vulneralas
with formal second-person singular imperative vulnere	dative	vulnéreme	not used	vulnérele, vulnérese	vulnérenos	not used	vulnéreles
	accusative	vulnéreme	not used	vulnérelo, vulnérela, vulnérese	vulnérenos	not used	vulnérelos, vulnérelas
with first-person plural imperative vulneremos	dative	not used	vulnerémoste	vulnerémosle	vulnerémonos	vulnerémoos	vulnerémosles
	accusative	not used	vulnerémoste	vulnerémoslo, vulnerémosla	vulnerémonos	vulnerémoos	vulnerémoslos, vulnerémoslas
with informal second-person plural imperative vulnerad	dative	vulneradme	not used	vulneradle	vulneradnos	vulneraos	vulneradles
	accusative	vulneradme	not used	vulneradlo, vulneradla	vulneradnos	vulneraos	vulneradlos, vulneradlas
with formal second-person plural imperative vulneren	dative	vulnérenme	not used	vulnérenle	vulnérennos	not used	vulnérenles, vulnérense
	accusative	vulnérenme	not used	vulnérenlo, vulnérenla	vulnérennos	not used	vulnérenlos, vulnérenlas, vulnérense

Further reading

• “vulnerar”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), 24th edition, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 30 October 2026