rusten

See also: rüsten

Danish

Adjective

rusten (neuter rustent, plural and definite singular attributive rustne)

1. rusty

Inflection

Inflection of rusten

	positive	comparative	superlative
indefinite common singular	rusten	—	—2
indefinite neuter singular	rustent	—	—2
plural	rustne	—	—2
definite attributive1	rustne	—	—

¹ When an adjective is applied predicatively to something definite,
the corresponding "indefinite" form is used.
² The "indefinite" superlatives may not be used attributively.

Noun

rusten c

1. definite singular of rust

References

• “rusten” in Den Danske Ordbog

Dutch

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈrʏstə(n)/

• Audio:

  (file)

Etymology 1

From Middle Dutch rusten. Equivalent to rust +‎ -en.

Verb

rusten

1. (intransitive) to rest
2. (intransitive) to lie, be supported (by something)

Conjugation

Conjugation of rusten (weak)
infinitive	rusten
past singular	rustte
past participle	gerust
infinitive	rusten
gerund	rusten n
	present tense	past tense
1st person singular	rust	rustte
2nd person sing. (jij)	rust	rustte
2nd person sing. (u)	rust	rustte
2nd person sing. (gij)	rust	rustte
3rd person singular	rust	rustte
plural	rusten	rustten
subjunctive sing.1	ruste	rustte
subjunctive plur.1	rusten	rustten
imperative sing.	rust
imperative plur.1	rust
participles	rustend	gerust
1) Archaic.

Derived terms

• berusten
• uitrusten
• verontrusten

Descendants

• Afrikaans: rus
• Berbice Creole Dutch: rustu
• Negerhollands: rust, res
• → Aukan: losutu

Etymology 2

From Middle Dutch rusten, from Old Dutch *rusten, from Proto-West Germanic *hrustijan.

Verb

rusten

1. (transitive, obsolete) to equip, to provide with what is needed

Conjugation

Conjugation of rusten (weak)
infinitive	rusten
past singular	rustte
past participle	gerust
infinitive	rusten
gerund	rusten n
	present tense	past tense
1st person singular	rust	rustte
2nd person sing. (jij)	rust	rustte
2nd person sing. (u)	rust	rustte
2nd person sing. (gij)	rust	rustte
3rd person singular	rust	rustte
plural	rusten	rustten
subjunctive sing.1	ruste	rustte
subjunctive plur.1	rusten	rustten
imperative sing.	rust
imperative plur.1	rust
participles	rustend	gerust
1) Archaic.

Derived terms

• rusting, wapenrusting
• toerusten
• uitrusten

Anagrams

• sturen

Middle Dutch

Etymology

From ruste +‎ -en.

Verb

rusten

1. to rest, to recuperate
2. to be somewhere in rest, quietly
3. to rest, to be dead
4. to stop, to cease

Inflection

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

Descendants

• Dutch: rusten
• Limburgish: röste

Further reading

• “rusten (II)”, in Vroegmiddelnederlands Woordenboek, 2000
• Verwijs, E.; Verdam, J. (1885–1929), “rusten (I)”, in Middelnederlandsch Woordenboek, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, →ISBN, page I

Middle English

Alternative forms

• roste, rust, ruste, rustin, ruston

Etymology

From rust +‎ -en (infinitival suffix).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈrustən/, /ˈruːstən/

Verb

rusten (third-person singular simple present rusteth, present participle rustynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle rusted)

1. To rust; to acquire rust.
2. (figurative) To degenerate; to deteriorate.

Conjugation

Conjugation of rusten (weak in -ede)

infinitive	(to) rusten, ruste
	present tense	past tense
1st-person singular	ruste	rusted(e)
2nd-person singular	rustest	rustedest
3rd-person singular	rusteth	rusted(e)
subjunctive singular	ruste
imperative singular		—
plural1	rusten, ruste	rusteden, rusted(e)
imperative plural	rusteth, ruste	—
participles	rustynge, rustende	rusted, yrusted

¹ Sometimes used as a formal 2nd-person singular.

Descendants

• English: rust
• Scots: roost, roust

References

• “rū̆sten, v.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

Norwegian Bokmål

Alternative forms

• rusta (feminine definite singular of either noun)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈrʉs.tən/
• Rhymes: -ʉstən
• Hyphenation: rus‧ten

Etymology 1

An alteration of rustet (“rusted”), the past participle of ruste (“to rust, become corroded”).

Compare Danish rusten (“rusty”).

Adjective

rusten (neuter singular rustent, definite singular and plural rustne, comparative rustnere, indefinite superlative rustnest, definite superlative rustneste)

1. rusty; corroded or covered with rust
   • 1909, Henrik Ibsen, Efterladte Skrifter, volume I, page 60:

     klingen er af blodstænk rusten

     The blade is rusty with blood spatter.

   • 1945, Christian Skredsvig, Romaner og fortællinger, volume I, page 185:

     for dere kunstnere springer alle damehjerter op – selv om de er litt rustne – i hængslerne!

     For you artists, every lady's heart flies open on its hinges—even if it is a little rusty!

   • 2000, Arild Nyquist, Sølvfiskene, page 40:

     en gammel, rusten sykkel

     an old, rusty bicycle

   • 2017, Erika Fatland, Grensen, page 500:

     mil på mil med rusten piggtråd langs grenser som ikke lenger finnes

     mile after mile of rusty barbed wire along borders which no longer exist

2. mixed with or containing rust
   • 1908, Nils Kjær, Smaa Epistler, page 29:

     hans klær har lett som rusten myr

     His clothes have a hue like a rusty bog.

   • 1932, Gunnar Larsen, I sommer, page 109:

     litt rustent regnvann

     a little rusty rainwater

3. rust-colored; having a reddish-brown colour resembling rust
   • 1937, Ernst Orvil, Hvit uro, page 118:

     de rustne aspene

     the rust-coloured aspens

   • 1927, Johan Bojer, Samlede verker, volume IV, page 39:

     en blek fyr med en rusten skjegdusk under haken

     a pale fellow with a rust-coloured tuft of beard beneath his chin

   • 1927, Johan Bojer, Samlede verker, volume III, page 103:

     hans egne jorder og skoger i rusten oktobersol

     his own fields and forests in the rust-coloured October sun

4. (of a voice) hoarse, raspy
   • 1909, Hans E. Kinck, Masker og mennesker, page 63:

     [han] smaalo rustent

     He chuckled hoarsely.

   • 1914, Sigrid Undset, Vaaren, page 205:

     hun [spurte] med rusten stemme

     She asked in a hoarse voice.

   • 1923, Nini Roll Anker, Huset i Søgaten, page 161:

     den rustne røst tidde pludselig

     The hoarse voice suddenly fell silent.

   • 1988, Liv Køltzow, Hvem har ditt ansikt?, page 6:

     Aksels stemme er … på en gang klar og litt rusten

     Aksel's voice is at once clear and slightly hoarse.

   • 1994, Kjersti Scheen, Teppefall, page 112:

     han [sang] med rusten baryton og slo takten mot rattet

     He sang in a hoarse baritone and beat time against the steering wheel.

   • 2010, Peter Serck, Natten:

     stemmen min var rusten av sigarettrøking

     My voice was hoarse from cigarette smoking.

   • 2015, Maja Lunde, Bienes historie, page 189:

     en hane gol rustent

     A rooster crowed hoarsely.

   • 2023, Taran L. Bjørnstad, Uke 40, page 102:

     jeg er rusten i halsen. Kremter

     I am hoarse in the throat. Clears throat.

5. (of a person, throat, or speech organ) hoarse, especially from a cold or irritation
   • 1887, Alexander Kielland, Sankt Hans Fest, page 21:

     [han] var rusten i maalet og ranglebleg

     He was hoarse in speech and pale from carousing.

   • 1924, Hans E. Kinck, Ungt folk, page 148:

     futen var rusten i mælet

     The bailiff was hoarse in voice.

6. (of a skill or ability) rusty; impaired through not having been used or practised for some time
   • 2022 November 22, Dagens Næringsliv, page 14:

     fransken er litt rusten, hvis jeg skulle flytte til Paris må jeg jobbe med den

     My French is a little rusty; if I were to move to Paris, I would have to work on it.

7. (of a person) rusty, out of practice; lacking recent training
   • 1995 December 18, VG, page 36:

     han er rusten. Tyson er ikke lenger den bokseren jeg tapte for i 1989. Jeg gleder meg vilt til å møte ham igjen

     He is rusty. Tyson is no longer the boxer I lost to in 1989. I am tremendously excited to face him again.

   • 2000, Sverre Henmo, Dødsern, page 57:

     i dag må jeg ha med bassen på skolen og øve i alle friminuttene. Det er skremmende hvor rusten jeg er i fingrene

     Today I have to bring the bass to school and practise during every break. It is frightening how rusty my fingers are.

   • 2009, Jørgen Gunnerud, Byen med det store hjertet, page 218:

     jeg er nok litt rusten som tjenestemann

     I am probably a little rusty as a civil servant.

   • 2020, Ole Paus, Pauspoeten, page 342:

     to rustne herrer på ferie i et fremmed land

     two rusty gentlemen on holiday in a foreign country

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Noun

rusten f or m

1. masculine definite singular of rust (“rust; rust fungus; rust colour”)

Etymology 3

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Noun

rusten f or m

1. masculine definite singular of rust (“small wood, grove; wooded ridge”)

Anagrams

• snuter, sturen, trusen

References

• “rusten” in The Bokmål Dictionary.
• “rusten” in Norwegian Academy Dictionary (NAOB).
• “rust” in The Bokmål Dictionary.
• “rust_1” in Norwegian Academy Dictionary (NAOB).
• “rust_2” in Norwegian Academy Dictionary (NAOB).

Norwegian Nynorsk

Alternative forms

• rusta

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /rʉstn̩/ (some dialects)

Adjective

rusten (neuter singular ruste or rustent, definite singular and plural rustne)

1. rusty (corroded)