ester

See also: Ester, éster, and Estèr

English

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱ-

Proto-Indo-European *-éh₁ti

Proto-Indo-European *-yeti

Proto-Indo-European *-éh₁yeti

Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱéh₁yeti

Proto-Italic *akēō

Latin aceō

Proto-Indo-European *-sḱéti

Proto-Italic *-skō

Latin -scō

Latin acēscō

Proto-Indo-European *-tós

Proto-Italic *-tos

Latin -tus

Latin acētumbor.

Proto-West Germanic *aket

Proto-West Germanic *atek

Old High German eȥȥih

Middle High German eȥȥich

German Essich

German Essig

Proto-Indo-European *h₂eydʰ-der.

Proto-Hellenic *áitʰō

Ancient Greek αἴθω (aíthō)

▲

Ancient Greek ᾱ̓ήρ (āḗr)influ.?

Ancient Greek αἰθήρ (aithḗr)der.

Latin aethērbor.

German Äther

blend?

German Esterbor.

English ester

Borrowed from German Ester, possibly a blend of Essig + Äther. See ether for more.

Pronunciation

• (General American) IPA^(key): /ˈɛstɚ/
• (Received Pronunciation) IPA^(key): /ˈɛstə/

• Audio (Southern England):

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ɛstə(ɹ)
• Homophones: Esther, str

Noun

ester (plural esters)

1. (organic chemistry) A compound most often formed by the condensation of an alcohol and an acid, with elimination of water, which contains the functional group carbon-oxygen double bond (i.e., carbonyl) joined via carbon to another oxygen atom.
   • 1991, Malcolm B. Hale et al., “New Products and Markets for Menhaden, Brevoortia spp.”, in Marine Fisheries Review, volume 53, number 4, page 47:

     To produce a test material containing at least 75 percent omega-3 polyunsaturates, the menhaden triglycerides are transesterified to produce fatty acid ethyl esters. The esters are reacted with urea dissolved in hot ethanol and the solution is cooled overnight.

   • 1991, W. F. Kean, C. J. L. Lock, H. E. Howard-Lock, “Chirality in antirheumatic drugs”, in The Lancet, volume 338, →DOI, page 1567:

     The thiol-coenzyme-A ester formed by R-arylpropionic acid can bind to triglyceride to form a “hybrid” triglyceride: such hybrid triglycerides can cause alteration of fatty-acid metabolism and membrane function, and a lipophilic triglyceride–propionic-acid hybrid would be able to cross lipid membranes such as the blood–brain barrier.

   • 1996, Steven Ashley, “Composite car structures pass the crash test”, in Mechanical Engineering‎^[2], volume 118, number 12, page 60:

     The effort’s primary material systems are vinyl esters and polyurethanes, reinforced with inexpensive chopped-glass rovings. Automated glass-fiber preforming processes and high-rate molding procedures are being studied in an effort to reduce cycle times and production costs substantially.

Derived terms

• acetylesterase
• aminoester
• carboxylesterase
• diester
• elastomultiester
• enamino ester
• esmolol
• esterase
• estergum
• esterification
• esterify
• esterize
• hemiester
• hydroxy ester
• iminoester
• interester
• isoester
• jojoba ester
• ketoester
• monoester
• nonester
• oligoester
• orthoester
• oxyester
• perester
• phosphite ester
• phosphoester
• polyesteramide
• polyphosphoester
• selenoester
• silicon ester
• thioester
• transesterification
• transesterify
• triester

Translations

compound with carbon-oxygen double bond joined via carbon to another oxygen atom

• Bulgarian: естер m (ester)
• Catalan: èster (ca) m
• Chinese:

  Cantonese: 酯 (zi²)

  Hokkien: 酯 (chí)

  Mandarin: 酯 (zh) (zhǐ), 酯類 / 酯类 (zhǐlèi), 𨤎 (zh) (yán) (obsolete)

• Czech: ester m
• Dutch: ester (nl) m
• Esperanto: estero (eo)
• Estonian: ester (et)
• Finnish: esteri (fi)
• French: ester (fr) m
• German: Ester (de) m
• Greek: εστέρας (el) m (estéras)
• Hebrew: אֶסְטֶר (he) (ester)
• Hungarian: észter (hu)
• Indonesian: ester (id)
• Italian: estere (it) m
• Japanese: エステル (ja) (esuteru)
• Khmer: អេស្ទែ (ʼeestɛɛ)
• Korean: 에스터 (eseuteo), 에스테르 (eseutereu)
• Malay: ester (ms)
• Māori: hākawa, pāhare
• Polish: ester (pl) m
• Portuguese: éster (pt) m
• Romanian: ester (ro) m
• Russian: сло́жный эфи́р m (slóžnyj efír)
• Spanish: éster (es) m
• Swedish: ester (sv)
• Turkish: ester (tr)
• Ukrainian: есте́р m (estér)
• Welsh: ester m

Anagrams

• Reset, Steer, Trees, estre, re-est., reest, reset, retes, seter, steer, stere, teers, teres, terse, trees

Cornish

Estren europek (Ostrea edulis).

Etymology

Borrowed from English oyster. Compare Welsh wystrys.

Noun

ester (collective, singulative estren f)

1. oysters

References

• “ester” in Cornish Dictionary / Gerlyver Kernewek, Akademi Kernewek.

Czech

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈɛstɛr]

Noun

ester m inan

1. ester

Declension

Declension of ester (hard masculine inanimate)

	singular	plural
nominative	ester	estery
genitive	esteru	esterů
dative	esteru	esterům
accusative	ester	estery
vocative	estere	estery
locative	esteru	esterech
instrumental	esterem	estery

Further reading

• “ester”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957
• “ester”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989

Danish

Etymology 1

Noun

ester c (singular definite esteren, plural indefinite estere)

1. Estonian

Declension

Declension of ester

common gender	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	ester	esteren	estere	esterne
genitive	esters	esterens	esteres	esternes

Synonyms

• estlænder

Etymology 2

From German Ester.

Noun

ester c (singular definite esteren, plural indefinite estere)

1. ester

Declension

Declension of ester

common gender	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	ester	esteren	estere	esterne
genitive	esters	esterens	esteres	esternes

Derived terms

• polyester

References

• “ester” in Den Danske Ordbog

Dutch

Etymology

Borrowed from German Ester.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈɛs.tər/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Hyphenation: es‧ter
• Rhymes: -ɛstər

Noun

ester m (plural esters, diminutive estertje n)

1. (organic chemistry) ester

Descendants

• → Indonesian: ester

Estonian

Etymology

From German Ester.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈesːter/, [ˈesːter]
• Rhymes: -esːter
• Hyphenation: es‧ter

Noun

ester (genitive estri, partitive estrit)

1. (organic chemistry) ester

Declension

Declension of ester (ÕS type 2e/minut, no gradation)
		singular	plural
nominative		ester	estrid
accusative	nom.
	gen.	estri
genitive			estrite
partitive		estrit	estreid
illative		estrisse	estritesse estreisse
inessive		estris	estrites estreis
elative		estrist	estritest estreist
allative		estrile	estritele estreile
adessive		estril	estritel estreil
ablative		estrilt	estritelt estreilt
translative		estriks	estriteks estreiks
terminative		estrini	estriteni
essive		estrina	estritena
abessive		estrita	estriteta
comitative		estriga	estritega

Further reading

• ester in Sõnaveeb (Eesti Keele Instituut)

French

Etymology 1

Inherited from Old French ester (given a spelling-pronunciation), from Classical Latin stāre (cf. the juridical Medieval Latin senses).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɛs.te/

Verb

ester (defective)

1. (law, rare) to appear
2. (archaic) to be

Conjugation

Only used in the infinitive, present participle estant and past participle esté.

Related terms

• être

Etymology 2

From German Essig-Äther (“acetic acid ethyl ester”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɛs.tɛʁ/

Noun

ester m (plural esters)

1. (organic chemistry) ester

Further reading

• “ester”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012

Anagrams

• estre, êtres, reste, resté, stère, stéré, terse, tersé

Indonesian

Etymology

Internationalism, borrowed from Dutch ester, from German Ester.

Pronunciation

• (Standard Indonesian) IPA^(key): /ˈɛstər/ [ˈɛs.t̪ər]
• Rhymes: -ɛstər
• Syllabification: es‧ter

Noun

èstêr (plural ester-ester)

1. (organic chemistry) ester

Derived terms

• ester asam
• ester asetoasetat
• ester fosfat
• ester retinil
• ester sukrosa
• ester sulfonat

Further reading

• “ester”, in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia [Great Dictionary of the Indonesian Language] (in Indonesian), Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016

Ladin

Etymology 1

From Latin exterus, from exter.

Adjective

ester m (feminine singular estera, masculine plural esters, feminine plural esteres)

1. (Badiot) foreign, overseas

   Na sojornanza te n stat ester. ― A stay abroad.

Alternative forms

• forest (Badiot, Fascian)
• furest, fulestier, oradecà (Gherdëina)
• foradecá (Badiot)

Etymology 2

Inherited from Early Medieval Latin essere, from Latin esse.

Verb

ester

1. (Badiot, Fodom) to be

   Al ne pó nia ester. ― It cannot abroad.

   Tant el pa? ― How much is it?

Conjugation

• Ladin conjugation varies from one region to another. Hence, the following conjugation should be considered as typical, not as exhaustive.

Conjugation of ester (highly irregular, suppletive)

infinitive	ester
auxiliary verb	—		gerund		sian
past participle	sté
person	singular			plural
	first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative	ie	tu	el / ela	nos	vos	ei / eles
present	son	ies	é	son	seis	é
imperfect	fove	foves	fova	fovan	fovais	fova
future	saré	saras	sarà	saron	sareis	sarà
subjunctive	che ie	che tu	che el / ela	che nos	che vos	che ei / eles
present	sie	sies	sie	son	seis	sie
imperfect	fosse	fosses	fossa	fossan	fossais	fossa
imperative	–	tu	–	nos	vos	–
	—	sies	—	—	sede	—

Alternative forms

• esser (Fascian)
• vester (Gherdëina)
• esse (Anpezan)

Middle English

Alternative forms

• aster, astern, eastran, estern, estre, estren, yestre

Etymology

From Old English ēastre.

Noun

ester (plural esters)

1. Easter (Christian holiday)
   • c. 1280, “Vita sancti Brendani, Abbatis de Hybernia”, in Carl Horstmann, editor, The Early South English Legendary or Lives of Saints‎^[3], London: N. Trübner & Co., published 1887, page 224:

     To a stede ȝe schulle hunne wende : þurf oure louerdes grace, / Þat is foweles parays : a wel ioyful place : / Þer ȝe schulle þis ester beo : & þis wit-sonedai also.

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

   • c. 1300, Robert of Gloucester, edited by William Aldis Wright, The Metrical Chronicle of Robert of Gloucester, London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, published 1887, page 556:

     Þre siþe he ber croune aȝer · to midewinter at gloucestre · / To witesonetid at westmunstre · to ester at wincestre ·

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

   • a. 1402, “De regione lodœœ”, in John Trevisa, transl., edited by Joseph Rawson Lumby, Polychronicon, page 111:

     Mysbyleued men mysdede neuere þat chirche ; and þat is, as me troweþ, for euery ȝere an Ester eue comeþ fire from heuene, and tendeþ and liȝteþ þe lamps þerynne ; but whan þat miracle bygan first, hit is vncertayne and vnknowe.

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

References

“ēster(n, n., MED14534.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

Norwegian Bokmål

Noun

ester m (definite singular esteren, indefinite plural estere, definite plural esterne)

1. Estonian

Synonyms

• estlending, estlender

Related terms

• Estland
• estlandsk, estisk

Old French

Etymology

From Late Latin or Vulgar Latin estō, from Latin stō. Forms in -ac- and -ui/-eü-/-i- originates from Vulgar Latin *statiō, *stūtum (perfect *stuī), all are from statum. The indicative present forms bear similarities with endings of the suppletive verb aler and must have contained from vois, the origin of -ois in estois and other forms, however, are unclear (see also Modern French vais).

Compare with estre, which later merged and resulted in some forms reflecting the forms of ester.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (early) /esˈteːɾ/
• IPA^(key): (late) /eˈteɾ/

Verb

ester

1. to be
2. to stay; to remain

Usage notes

According to the Anglo-Norman On-Line Hub, "[i]t is not always possible to make a valid distinction between and ester and estre".

Conjugation

This verb conjugates as a first-group verb ending in -er. This verb is highly irregular. Old French conjugation varies significantly by date and by region. The following conjugation should be treated as a guide.

    Conjugation of ester (see also Appendix:Old French verbs)

		simple			compound
infinitive		ester			avoir esté, esteü
gerund		en estant			gerund of avoir + past participle
present participle		estant
past participle		esté, esteü
person		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		jo	tu	il	nos	vos	il
simple tenses	present	estois	estas, estais	esta, estait	estons	estez	estont
	imperfect	estoie, esteie, estoe, esteve	estoies, esteies, estoes, esteves	estoit, esteit, estot, esteve	estiiens, estiens	estiiez, estiez	estoient, esteient, estoent, estevent
	preterite	estui, estai	esteüs, estas	estut, esta	esteümes, estames	esteüstes, estastes	esturent, esterent
	future	esterai	esteras	estera	esterons	esteroiz, estereiz, esterez	esteront
	conditional	esteroie, estereie	esteroies, estereies	esteroit, estereit	esteriiens, esteriens	esteriiez, esteriez	esteroient, estereient
compound tenses	present perfect	present tense of avoir + past participle
	pluperfect	imperfect tense of avoir + past participle
	past anterior	preterite tense of avoir + past participle
	future perfect	future tense of avoir + past participle
	conditional perfect	conditional tense of avoir + past participle
subjunctive		que jo	que tu	qu’il	que nos	que vos	qu’il
simple tenses	present	estoise, estace	estoises, estaces	estoise, estoist, estace	estons	estez	estoisent, estacent
	imperfect	esteüsse, estasse	esteüsses, estasses	esteüst, estast	esteüssons, esteüssiens, estissons, estissiens	esteüssoiz, esteüssez, esteüssiez, estissoiz, estissez, estissiez	esteüssent, estassent
compound tenses	past	present subjunctive of avoir + past participle
	pluperfect	imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle
imperative		–	tu	–	nos	vos	–
		—	esta	—	estons	estez	—

Descendants

(mainly blended into descendants of estre)

• Middle French: ester

References

https://anglo-norman.net/entry/ester_1

Polish

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱ-

Proto-Indo-European *-éh₁ti

Proto-Indo-European *-yeti

Proto-Indo-European *-éh₁yeti

Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱéh₁yeti

Proto-Italic *akēō

Latin aceō

Proto-Indo-European *-sḱéti

Proto-Italic *-skō

Latin -scō

Latin acēscō

Proto-Indo-European *-tós

Proto-Italic *-tos

Latin -tus

Latin acētumbor.

Proto-West Germanic *aket

Proto-West Germanic *atek

Old High German eȥȥih

Middle High German eȥȥich

German Essich

German Essig

Proto-Indo-European *h₂eydʰ-der.

Proto-Hellenic *áitʰō

Ancient Greek αἴθω (aíthō)

▲

Ancient Greek ᾱ̓ήρ (āḗr)influ.?

Ancient Greek αἰθήρ (aithḗr)der.

Latin aethērbor.

German Äther

blend?

German Esterbor.

Polish ester

Borrowed from German Ester.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈɛs.tɛr/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ɛstɛr
• Syllabification: es‧ter

Noun

ester m inan

1. (organic chemistry) ester

Declension

Usually in the plural.

Declension of ester

	singular	plural
nominative	ester	estry
genitive	estru	estrów
dative	estrowi	estrom
accusative	ester	estry
instrumental	estrem	estrami
locative	estrze	estrach
vocative	estrze	estry

Related terms

noun

• acetyloesteraza

Further reading

• “ester”, in Wielki słownik języka polskiego‎^[4] (in Polish), Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
• “ester”, in Polish dictionaries at PWN‎^[5] (in Polish)

Romanian

Etymology

Borrowed from French ester.

Noun

ester m (plural esteri)

1. ester

Declension

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative-accusative	ester	esterul	esteri	esterii
genitive-dative	ester	esterului	esteri	esterilor
vocative	esterule		esterilor

Swedish

Etymology 1

Borrowed from German Ester.

Noun

ester c

1. (organic chemistry) an ester

Declension

Declension of ester

		nominative	genitive
singular	indefinite	ester	esters
	definite	estern	esterns
plural	indefinite	estrar	estrars
	definite	estrarna	estrarnas

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Noun

ester

1. indefinite plural of est

Anagrams

• eters, reste, teers, teser

Welsh

Etymology

Internationalism borrowed from English ester.

Pronunciation

• (North Wales) IPA^(key): /ˈɛsdɛr/, [ˈɛstɛr]

Noun

ester m (plural esterau)

1. (organic chemistry) ester

Derived terms

• esteru (“to esterify”)
• esteriad (“esterification”)

Further reading

• Delyth Prys; J.P.M. Jones; Owain Davies; Gruffudd Prys (2006), Y Termiadur: termau wedi'u safoni; standardised terminology‎^[6] (in Welsh), Cardiff: Awdurdod cymwysterau, cwricwlwm ac asesu Cymru (Qualifications curriculum & assessment authority for Wales), →ISBN