durus

See also: Appendix:Variations of "durus"

Ido

Verb

durus

  1. conditional of durar

Latin

Etymology

    Inherited from Proto-Italic *dūros, from Proto-Indo-European *dweh₂rós (“long”), from *dweh₂- + *-rós. Cognate with Ancient Greek δηρός (dērós, “long”), Sanskrit दू॒र (dūrá, “distant; far; long”), though there are semantic problems if the change “long” > “enduring” (see dūrō) is not accepted.[1]

    Alternatively, from Proto-Indo-European *deru-, *drew- (“hard; fast”). Cognate with Lithuanian drū́tas (“firm; strong”), Old English trum (“strong; firm”).

    Pronunciation

    Adjective

    dūrus (feminine dūra, neuter dūrum, comparative dūrior, superlative dūrissimus, adverb dūrē or dūriter); first/second-declension adjective

    1. (of a touch) hard; rough
      Synonyms: firmus, rōbustus
      • 8 CE, Ovidius, Fasti 3.782:
        nec crīmen dūrās esset habēre manūs
        nor was it an offense to have rough hands
    2. (of a taste) harsh
    3. hardy; vigorous
    4. (figuratively) hard; harsh; unyielding; unfeeling; stern; cruel; inexorable; insensible
      • 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Vergilius, Aeneis 4.428:
        Cūr mea dicta neget dūrās dēmittere in aurīs?
        Why does he refuse to admit my words to his unyielding ears?
    5. oppressive; severe
      Dura lex, sed lex.
      The law is harsh, but it is the law.

    Declension

    First/second-declension adjective.

    singular plural
    masculine feminine neuter masculine feminine neuter
    nominative dūrus dūra dūrum dūrī dūrae dūra
    genitive dūrī dūrae dūrī dūrōrum dūrārum dūrōrum
    dative dūrō dūrae dūrō dūrīs
    accusative dūrum dūram dūrum dūrōs dūrās dūra
    ablative dūrō dūrā dūrō dūrīs
    vocative dūre dūra dūrum dūrī dūrae dūra

    Derived terms

    Descendants

    • Catalan: dur
    • Dalmatian: doir
    • Franco-Provençal: dur
    • French: dur
    • Friulian: dûr
    • Galician: duro
    • Istriot: doûro
    • Italian: duro
    • Ligurian: dûo
    • Lombard: dür
    • Norman: dû
    • Occitan: dur
    • Portuguese: duro
    • Romanian: dur
    • Romansh: dir
    • Sardinian: duru
    • Sicilian: duru
    • Spanish: duro
    • Venetan: duro, dur
    • Walloon: deur
    • → Proto-Brythonic: *dʉr (“hard; hard metal, steel”)
    • → English: dure
    • → German: Dur
    • → Middle Irish: dúr
      • Irish: dúr
      • Scottish Gaelic: dùr
      • →? Middle English: dour (Scottish and northern English)

    References

    1. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “dūrus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 184

    Further reading

    • “durus”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
    • “durus”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891), An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
    • "durus", in Charles du Fresne du Cange, Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
    • “durus”, in Gaffiot, Félix (1934), Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
    • Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, 1st edition. (Oxford University Press)
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