calculus

English

Etymology

Pronunciation

  • (UK) IPA(key): /ˈkæl.kjʊ.ləs/
  • (General American) IPA(key): /ˈkæl.kjə.ləs/
    • Audio (US):(file)
  • (South Asia) IPA(key): /ˈkælk(j)ʊləs/
  • Hyphenation: cal‧cu‧lus

Noun

calculus (countable and uncountable, plural calculi or calculuses)

  1. (dated, countable) Calculation; computation.
    Synonyms: ciphering, reckoning; see also Thesaurus:calculation
  2. (countable, mathematics) Any formal system in which symbolic expressions are manipulated according to fixed rules.
    lambda calculus
    predicate calculus
  3. (uncountable, often definite, the calculus) Differential calculus and integral calculus considered as a single subject.
    Synonym: infinitesimal calculus
    Near-synonyms: analysis, mathematical analysis
    I took calculus in high school.
  5. (countable, medicine) A stony concretion that forms in a bodily organ.
    Synonym: stone
    Hyponyms: kidney stone, nephrolith, gallstone, cholelith, sialolith, urolith
    • 2015, Jaime Samour, Avian Medicine, page 297:
      Commonly indicated for treatment of sour crop (Fig. 11-11, A), an ingluviotomy is done to retrieve crop calculi, ingluvioliths, or foreign bodies (which are not accessible per os) or to retrieve proventricular or ventricular foreign bodies (using micromagnets [glued in place within plastic tubes], lavage, or endoscopy) and for the placement of an ingluviotomy or proventriculotomy tube or the collection of crop wall biopsies.
  6. (uncountable, dentistry) Deposits of calcium phosphate salts on teeth.
    Synonyms: dental calculus, tartar
  7. (countable) A decision-making method, especially one appropriate for a specialised realm.
    • 2008 December 16, “Cameron calls for bankers’ ‘day of reckoning’”, in Financial Times, London: The Financial Times Ltd., →ISSN, →OCLC:
      The Tory leader refused to state how many financiers he thought should end up in jail, saying: “There is not some simple calculus."

Derived terms

Translations

See also

References

  1. ^ Douglas Harper (2001–2026), “calculus”, in Online Etymology Dictionary.
  2. ^ https://simplymaths.wordpress.com/2012/06/20/what-does-it-mean-calculus/

Dutch

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin calculus.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈkɑl.ky.lʏs/
  • Audio:(file)
  • Hyphenation: cal‧cu‧lus

Noun

calculus m (plural calculi, no diminutive)

  1. computation, calculation
    Synonyms: berekening, calculatie
  2. (medicine) calculus (stony concretion that forms in a bodily organ)

References

Further reading

Latin

Etymology

Etymology tree
Pre-Greekbor.?
Ancient Greek χᾰ́λῐξ (khắlĭx)bor.?
substratebor.?
Latin calx
Proto-Indo-European *-lós
Proto-Indo-European *-elós
Proto-Italic *-elos
Latin -ulus
Latin calculus

    From calx (“limestone, game counter”) + -ulus (diminutive suffix).

    Pronunciation

    Noun

    calculus m (genitive calculī); second declension

    1. diminutive of calx
    2. pebble, stone
    3. reckoning, calculating, calculation
    4. a piece in the latrunculi game

    Declension

    Second-declension noun.

    singular plural
    nominative calculus calculī
    genitive calculī calculōrum
    dative calculō calculīs
    accusative calculum calculōs
    ablative calculō calculīs
    vocative calcule calculī

    Derived terms

    Descendants

    • → Catalan: càlcul
    • → Dutch: calculus
    • → English: calculus
    • → French: calcul
    • → Gallurese: calculu
    • → Georgian: კალკულუსი (ḳalḳulusi)
    • → Hungarian: kalkulus
    • → Irish: calcalas
    • → Italian: calcolo
    • → Portuguese: cálculo
    • → Sardinian: calculu, càrculu
    • → Sassarese: càlcuru
    • → Spanish: cálculo
    • → Welsh: calcwlws
    • → Yiddish: קאַלקולוס (kalkulus)

    References

    • “calculus”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
    • “calculus”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891), An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
    • "calculus", in Charles du Fresne du Cange, Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
    • “calculus”, in Gaffiot, Félix (1934), Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
    • Carl Meißner; Henry William Auden (1894), Latin Phrase-Book‎[1], London: Macmillan and Co.
      • to go through accounts, make a valuation of a thing: ad calculos vocare aliquid (Amic. 16. 58)
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