scando

See also: Scando-

Latin

Etymology

    From Proto-Indo-European *skend- (“to jump up, ascend”), via Proto-Italic *skandō, either from:

    • earlier *skendō, with regular development of *e to *a after velars, from Proto-Indo-European *skénd-e-ti;[1]
    • earlier *skn̥dō, with regular development of *skn̥d- > *skand- in a preconsonantal position, secondary thematic present to aorist *skénd-t ~ *skn̥d-ént;[2]
    • or Proto-Indo-European *skₔnd-é-ti with schwa secundum, secondary thematic present to aorist *skénd-t ~ *skₔnd-ént.[3]

    Pronunciation

    Verb

    scandō (present infinitive scandere, perfect active scandī, supine scānsum); third conjugation

    1. (ambitransitive) to climb, ascend, mount, clamber
      Synonyms: levō, ēlevō, allevō, ērigō, excellō, tollō, ēvehō, efferō, surgō, ēdō, ascendō, escendō, cōnscendō, īnscendō, succēdō, ēnītor, superscandō, suprascandō, subeō, ērēpō
      Antonyms: dēiciō, abiciō, dēscendō, dēcurrō
      • 234 BCE – 149 BCE, Marcus Porcius Cato, De agri cultura 50.2:
        in vinea ficos subradito alte, ne eas vitis scandat
        Clear the fig-trees in the vine-yard to a good height, so that the vines may not climb them
      • 77 CE – 79 CE, Plinius Maior, Naturalis Historia 17.208:
        ex his emissi palmites proximo anno imis digerantur scamnis ac per singulos annos ad superiora scandant
        • 1950 translation by H. Rackham
          In the following year the branches sent out from these should be spread out on the lowest stages of the trees and allowed to climb to the next higher level every year
      • 402 CE, Claudius Claudianus, De bello Gothico 321–323:
        inde scandit inaccessos brumali sidere montes
        Then, he ascended those mountains inaccessible during the winter season
    2. (Late Latin, transitive) to scan (poetry by its feet)
      • c. 370 CE – 404 CE, Claudius Claudianus, Shorter Poems 13:
        quid carmina culpas? scandere qui nescis, versiculos laceras? “claudicat hic versus; haec” inquit “syllaba nutat”; atque nihil prorsus stare putat podager
        Do you find fault my with my songs? You, who cannot scan, who mutilates lines? "This verse limps" you say, "this syllable falters." A gout-ridden man thinks nothing stands up straight.
        (This passage contains wordplay. The sentence scandere qui nescis can be translated as "who is not able to scan" or "who is not able to rise [i.e stand]." The former meaning refers to the supposedly poor poetic skill of the recipient of this invective, whereas the latter meaning refers their supposed physical impairments on account of their gout. The Loeb Classical Library translator, M. Platnauer, attempted to render this wordplay into English with the following translation: "thou whose own feet are so weak.")

    Conjugation

       Conjugation of scandō (third conjugation)
    indicative singular plural
    first second third first second third
    active present scandō scandis scandit scandimus scanditis scandunt
    imperfect scandēbam scandēbās scandēbat scandēbāmus scandēbātis scandēbant
    future scandam scandēs scandet scandēmus scandētis scandent
    perfect scandī scandistī scandit scandimus scandistis scandērunt,
    scandēre
    pluperfect scanderam scanderās scanderat scanderāmus scanderātis scanderant
    future perfect scanderō scanderis scanderit scanderimus scanderitis scanderint
    passive present scandor scanderis,
    scandere     		scanditur scandimur scandiminī scanduntur
    imperfect scandēbar scandēbāris,
    scandēbāre     		scandēbātur scandēbāmur scandēbāminī scandēbantur
    future scandar scandēris,
    scandēre     		scandētur scandēmur scandēminī scandentur
    perfect scānsus + present active indicative of sum
    pluperfect scānsus + imperfect active indicative of sum
    future perfect scānsus + future active indicative of sum
    subjunctive singular plural
    first second third first second third
    active present scandam scandās scandat scandāmus scandātis scandant
    imperfect scanderem scanderēs scanderet scanderēmus scanderētis scanderent
    perfect scanderim scanderīs scanderit scanderīmus scanderītis scanderint
    pluperfect scandissem scandissēs scandisset scandissēmus scandissētis scandissent
    passive present scandar scandāris,
    scandāre     		scandātur scandāmur scandāminī scandantur
    imperfect scanderer scanderēris,
    scanderēre     		scanderētur scanderēmur scanderēminī scanderentur
    perfect scānsus + present active subjunctive of sum
    pluperfect scānsus + imperfect active subjunctive of sum
    imperative singular plural
    first second third first second third
    active present — scande — — scandite —
    future — scanditō scanditō — scanditōte scanduntō
    passive present — scandere — — scandiminī —
    future — scanditor scanditor — — scanduntor
    non-finite forms infinitive participle
    active passive active passive
    present scandere scandī scandēns —
    future scānsūrum esse scānsum īrī scānsūrus scandendus,
    scandundus
    perfect scandisse scānsum esse — scānsus
    future perfect — scānsum fore — —
    perfect potential scānsūrum fuisse — — —
    verbal nouns gerund supine
    genitive dative accusative ablative accusative ablative
    scandendī scandendō scandendum scandendō scānsum scānsū

    Derived terms

    Descendants

    References

    1. ^ Schrijver, Peter C. H. (1991), The Reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European Laryngeals in Latin (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 2), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 426, 431-432
    2. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “scandō, -ere”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 542-3
    3. ^ Lipp, Reiner (2009), Die indogermanischen und einzelsprachlichen Palatale im Indoiranischen: Neurekonstruktion, Nuristan-Sprachen, Genese der indoarischen Retroflexe, Indoarisch von Mitanni (Indogermanische Bibliothek; 3) (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Winter, page 48

    Further reading

    • “scando”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
    • “scando”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891), An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
    • “scando”, in Gaffiot, Félix (1934), Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
    • Kanehiro Nishimura (2004), “Development of the Prevocalic *m̥ in Latin”, in Glotta‎[1], volume 80, number 1/4, →ISSN, pages 239-240
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