confundo

Latin

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *ḱe?

Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm

Proto-Italic *kom

Proto-Italic *kom-

Latin con-

Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰew-

Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰewd-

Proto-Indo-European *-né-

Proto-Indo-European *-ti

Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰunédti

Proto-Italic *hundō

Latin fundō

Latin cōnfundō

From con- (“with, together”) + fundō (“pour”).

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): [kõːˈfʊn.doː]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): [koɱˈfun.do]

Verb

cōnfundō (present infinitive cōnfundere, perfect active cōnfūdī, supine cōnfūsum); third conjugation

1. to pour, mingle, stir up

   Synonyms: fundō, effundō, diffundō, perfundō, dēfundō, indūcō, sternō, dissipō

2. to diffuse, suffuse, spread over

   Synonyms: effundō, fundō, sternō, differō, dissipō

3. (figuratively) to unite, mix together, join, combine, mingle

   Synonyms: misceō, commisceō

4. (figuratively) to confound, confuse, jumble together, bring into disorder; disconcert, perplex

Conjugation

   Conjugation of cōnfundō (third conjugation)

indicative		singular						plural
		first		second		third		first		second		third
active	present	cōnfundō		cōnfundis		cōnfundit		cōnfundimus		cōnfunditis		cōnfundunt
	imperfect	cōnfundēbam		cōnfundēbās		cōnfundēbat		cōnfundēbāmus		cōnfundēbātis		cōnfundēbant
	future	cōnfundam		cōnfundēs		cōnfundet		cōnfundēmus		cōnfundētis		cōnfundent
	perfect	cōnfūdī		cōnfūdistī		cōnfūdit		cōnfūdimus		cōnfūdistis		cōnfūdērunt, cōnfūdēre
	pluperfect	cōnfūderam		cōnfūderās		cōnfūderat		cōnfūderāmus		cōnfūderātis		cōnfūderant
	future perfect	cōnfūderō		cōnfūderis		cōnfūderit		cōnfūderimus		cōnfūderitis		cōnfūderint
passive	present	cōnfundor		cōnfunderis, cōnfundere		cōnfunditur		cōnfundimur		cōnfundiminī		cōnfunduntur
	imperfect	cōnfundēbar		cōnfundēbāris, cōnfundēbāre		cōnfundēbātur		cōnfundēbāmur		cōnfundēbāminī		cōnfundēbantur
	future	cōnfundar		cōnfundēris, cōnfundēre		cōnfundētur		cōnfundēmur		cōnfundēminī		cōnfundentur
	perfect	cōnfūsus + present active indicative of sum
	pluperfect	cōnfūsus + imperfect active indicative of sum
	future perfect	cōnfūsus + future active indicative of sum
subjunctive		singular						plural
		first		second		third		first		second		third
active	present	cōnfundam		cōnfundās		cōnfundat		cōnfundāmus		cōnfundātis		cōnfundant
	imperfect	cōnfunderem		cōnfunderēs		cōnfunderet		cōnfunderēmus		cōnfunderētis		cōnfunderent
	perfect	cōnfūderim		cōnfūderīs		cōnfūderit		cōnfūderīmus		cōnfūderītis		cōnfūderint
	pluperfect	cōnfūdissem		cōnfūdissēs		cōnfūdisset		cōnfūdissēmus		cōnfūdissētis		cōnfūdissent
passive	present	cōnfundar		cōnfundāris, cōnfundāre		cōnfundātur		cōnfundāmur		cōnfundāminī		cōnfundantur
	imperfect	cōnfunderer		cōnfunderēris, cōnfunderēre		cōnfunderētur		cōnfunderēmur		cōnfunderēminī		cōnfunderentur
	perfect	cōnfūsus + present active subjunctive of sum
	pluperfect	cōnfūsus + imperfect active subjunctive of sum
imperative		singular						plural
		first		second		third		first		second		third
active	present	—		cōnfunde		—		—		cōnfundite		—
	future	—		cōnfunditō		cōnfunditō		—		cōnfunditōte		cōnfunduntō
passive	present	—		cōnfundere		—		—		cōnfundiminī		—
	future	—		cōnfunditor		cōnfunditor		—		—		cōnfunduntor
non-finite forms		infinitive						participle
		active			passive			active			passive
present		cōnfundere			cōnfundī			cōnfundēns			—
future		cōnfūsūrum esse			cōnfūsum īrī			cōnfūsūrus			cōnfundendus, cōnfundundus
perfect		cōnfūdisse			cōnfūsum esse			—			cōnfūsus
future perfect		—			cōnfūsum fore			—			—
perfect potential		cōnfūsūrum fuisse			—			—			—
verbal nouns		gerund								supine
		genitive		dative		accusative		ablative		accusative		ablative
		cōnfundendī		cōnfundendō		cōnfundendum		cōnfundendō		cōnfūsum		cōnfūsū

Derived terms

• cōnfūsibilis
  • cōnfūsibilitās
  • cōnfūsibiliter
• cōnfūsiō
• cōnfūsus

Descendants

• Catalan: confondre
• Emilian: cunfånnder
• Italian: confondere
• Romanian: cufunda
• Old Occitan: cofondre, confondre
  • Occitan: confondre
• Old Spanish: cohonder
• Sicilian: cunfùnniri
• → English: confuse
• → Old French: confondre
  • French: confondre
  • → Middle English: confounden
    • English: confound
    • Middle Scots: confound
      • Scots: confound, confoond
• → Portuguese: confundir
• → Romanian: confunda
• → Spanish: confundir

References

• “confundo”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “confundo”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891), An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• “confundo”, in Gaffiot, Félix (1934), Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
• Carl Meißner; Henry William Auden (1894), Latin Phrase-Book‎^[1], London: Macmillan and Co.
  • to confuse true with false: vera cum falsis confundere
    
  • to upset the whole constitution: omnes leges confundere
    

Portuguese

Verb

confundo

1. first-person singular present indicative of confundir

Spanish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /konˈfundo/ [kõɱˈfũn̪.d̪o]
• Rhymes: -undo
• Syllabification: con‧fun‧do

Verb

confundo

1. first-person singular present indicative of confundir