sinus

See also: Sinus, sínus, and sinüs

English

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Latin sinus (“a bent surface, curve, hollow”). Doublet of sine.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈsaɪ.nəs/
  • Audio (Southern England):(file)
  • Rhymes: -aɪnəs

Noun

sinus (plural sinuses)

  1. (anatomy, zootomy) A pouch or cavity in a bone or other tissue, especially one in the bones of the face or skull connecting with the nasal cavities (the paranasal sinus).
    Hyponyms: ethmoid sinus, frontal sinus, maxillary sinus, paranasal sinus, piriform sinus, Rokitansky-Aschoff sinus, sphenoid sinus
  2. (anatomy) An irregular venous or lymphatic cavity, reservoir, or dilated vessel.
    Hyponyms: carotid sinus, cavernous sinus, coronary sinus, lateral sinus, petrosal sinus, sagittal sinus, sigmoid sinus, straight sinus, transverse sinus, venous sinus
    1. (physiology, attributive) Relating to or denoting the sinoatrial node of the heart or its function of regulating the heartbeat.
  3. (pathology) An abnormal cavity or passage such as a fistula, leading from a deep-seated infection and discharging pus to the surface.
  4. (botany) A rounded notch or depression between two lobes or teeth in the margin of a leaf or petal.
  5. (geography) A bay of the sea; a recess in the shore.
  6. (trigonometry) Synonym of sine.
    • 1884 November 29, “Aerial Navigation”, in Scientific American: A Weekly Journal of Practical Information, Art, Science, Mechanics, Chemistry, and Manufactures, volume LI, number 22, New York, N.Y.: Munn & Co., page 342, column 1, translation of original by Victor Tatin in La Nature:
      So, in the helicopteron, as the helix is at the same time a sustaining plane, it should be likened to a surface moving horizontally, and in which, consequenty, the resistance to motion will be to the lifting power as the sinus is to the cosinus of the angle formed by such plane with the horizon.
    • 1996, Pentti Zetterberg, Matti Eronen, Markus Lindholm, “Construction of a 7500-Year Tree-Ring Record for Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris, L.) in Northern Fennoscandia and its Application to Growth Variation and Palaeoclimatic Studies”, in Heinrich Spiecker, Kari Mielikäinen, Michael Köhl, Jens Peter Skovsgaard, editors, Growth Trends in European Forests (European Forest Institute Research Report; No. 5), Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, →ISBN, page 15:
      The variations are described in terms of cycles of sinuses and cosinuses.
    • 2007, Vladimir G. Ivancevic, Tijana T. Ivancevic, “Introduction: Human and Computational Mind”, in Computational Mind: A Complex Dynamics Perspective (Studies in Computational Intelligence; 60), Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, →ISBN, →LCCN, section 1 (Natural Intelligence and Human Mind), pages 60–61:
      Basically, the rotation of the matrix of the factor loadings L represents its post-multiplication, i.e. L* = LO by the rotation matrix O, which itself resembles one of the matrices included in the classical rotational Lie groups SO(m) (containing the specific m–fold combination of sinuses and cosinuses.

Derived terms

Translations

References

Anagrams

Albanian

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Latin sinus. Doublet of gji.

Noun

sinus m

  1. (trigonometry) sine

Further reading

  • Jani Thomai et al. (2006), “sinus”, in FGJSH: Fjalor i gjuhës shqipe [Dictionary of the Albanian language] (in Albanian), Tiranë: Akademia e Shkencave e Shqipërisë
  • FGJSSH: Fjalor i gjuhës së sotme shqipe [Dictionary of the modern Albanian language]‎[1], 1980

Catalan

Etymology

    Learned borrowing from Latin sinus.

    Pronunciation

    Noun

    sinus m (invariable)

    1. sine

    Derived terms

    See also

    Further reading

    Czech

    Etymology

    Etymology tree
    Proto-Indo-European *sinos
    Proto-Italic *sinus
    ▲
    Arabic جِيبَ (jība)sl.
    Latin sinuslbor.
    Czech sinus

      Learned borrowing from Latin sinus.

      Pronunciation

      • IPA(key): [ˈsɪnus]
      • Hyphenation: si‧nus

      Noun

      sinus m inan

      1. (trigonometry) sine
        Synonym: lůnice
      2. (anatomy) sinus
        Synonym: dutina

      Declension

      Declension of sinus (hard masculine inanimate foreign)
      singular plural
      nominative sinus sinusy, siny
      genitive sinusu, sinu sinusů, sinů
      dative sinusu, sinu sinusům, sinům
      accusative sinus sinusy, siny
      vocative sinuse, sine sinusy, siny
      locative sinusu, sinuse, sinu sinusech, sinech
      instrumental sinusem, sinem sinusy, siny

      Further reading

      Danish

      Etymology

      Learned borrowing from Latin sinus.

      Noun

      sinus c (singular definite sinussen, plural indefinite sinusser)

      1. (trigonometry) sine

      Dutch

      Etymology

      Learned borrowing from Latin sinus.

      Pronunciation

      • IPA(key): /ˈsi.nʏs/
      • Audio:(file)
      • Hyphenation: si‧nus
      • Rhymes: -inʏs

      Noun

      sinus m (plural sinussen, diminutive sinusje n)

      1. (trigonometry) sine
      2. sinus

      Descendants

      • Afrikaans: sinus, sinusse
      • → Indonesian: sinus
      • → Malay: sinus
      • → Papiamentu: sinùs

      Estonian

      Pronoun

      sinus

      1. inessive singular of sina

      French

      Etymology

        Learned borrowing from Latin sinus. Doublet of sein.

        Pronunciation

        Noun

        sinus m (invariable)

        1. (anatomy) sinus
        2. (trigonometry) sine
          Coordinate terms: cosinus, tangente, cotangente, sécante, cosécante

        Derived terms

        Descendants

        Further reading

        Indonesian

        Etymology

        Borrowed from Dutch sinus, from Latin sinus.

        Pronunciation

        • IPA(key): [ˈsinʊs]
        • Rhymes: -nʊs, -ʊs, -s
        • Hyphenation: si‧nus

        Noun

        sinus (plural sinus-sinus)

        1. sinus:
          1. (anatomy) a pouch or cavity in a bone or other tissue, especially one in the bones of the face or skull connecting with the nasal cavities (the paranasal sinus)
          2. (pathology) an abnormal cavity or passage such as a fistula, leading from a deep-seated infection and discharging pus to the surface
        2. (trigonometry) sine: in a right triangle, the ratio of the length of the side opposite an angle to the length of the hypotenuse

        Derived terms

        • sinus etmoid
        • sinus frontalis
        • sinus maksila
        • sinus maksilaris
        • sinus stenoid

        Further reading

        Latin

        Etymology 1

        Etymology tree
        Proto-Indo-European *sinos
        Proto-Italic *sinus
        ▲
        Arabic جِيبَ (jība)sl.
        Latin sinus

          Inherited from Proto-Italic *sinus. Akin to Albanian gji (“breast, bosom”).[1]

          The mathematical sense “chord of an arc, sine” was introduced in the 12th century by Gherardo of Cremona as a semantic loan from Arabic جِيبَ (jība, “chord, sine”) (ultimately a loan from Sanskrit ज्या (jyā, “bowstring”)) by confusion with جَيْب (jayb, “bosom, fold in a garment”).

          Pronunciation

          Noun

          sinus m (genitive sinūs); fourth declension

          1. (chiefly poetic) a bent surface; a curve, fold, hollow
          2. (literal) the hanging fold of a toga over the breast; a pocket, lap
            Synonym: gremium
            1. (transferred sense)
              1. a purse, money (which was carried in the bosom of the toga)
              2. (poetic) a garment
                • 8 CE, Ovidius, Fasti 4.431–432:
                  […] ‘comitēs, accēdite’ dīxit
                  ‘et mēcum plēnōs flōre referte sinūs.’
                  ‘Come, my companions,’ she said,
                  ‘and carry back flowers with me, filling the folds of your garments.’
              3. the bosom, breast
                Synonym: pectus
                • c. 731 CE, Beda Presbyter, Historia ecclesiastica 3.2:
                  Quī cum sedēns ad mēnsam nōn habēret ad manum, ubi oblātum sibi mūnus repōneret, mīsit hoc in sinum sibi.
                  Having nowhere to put what had been brought him when sitting at the table, he shoved it into his bosom.
            2. (figurative)
              1. the bosom for love, protection, asylum
              2. the interior, inmost part of a thing
              3. a power, possession of someone
              4. a hiding place, place of concealment; a secret feeling
          3. a gulf, bay, bight
            • 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Vergilius, Aeneis 1.159–161:
              Est in sēcessū longō locus: īnsula portum
              efficit obiectū laterum, quibus omnis ab altō
              frangitur inque sinūs scindit sēsē unda reductōs.
              After long sailing comes land: here an island, its sides jutting round, forms a haven, against which every wave [coming] from the deep sea shatters, and spreads itself into the hollows of the bay.
            1. the land lying on or a point of land that helps to form a gulf
            2. a basin, hollow, valley
            3. (Medieval Latin) a fjord
          4. (Medieval Latin, mathematics) the chord of an arc; a sine
          Inflection

          Fourth-declension noun.

          singular plural
          nominative sinus sinūs
          genitive sinūs sinuum
          dative sinuī sinibus
          accusative sinum sinūs
          ablative sinū sinibus
          vocative sinus sinūs
          Derived terms
          Descendants
          Descendants
          • Insular Romance:
          • Balkano-Romance:
          • Italo-Dalmatian:
          • Rhaeto-Romance:
          • Gallo-Italic:
            • Piedmontese: sen
          • Gallo-Romance:
          • Ibero-Romance:

          Borrowings:

          Etymology 2

            From Proto-Indo-European *sh₁ih₂sno-, deverbative of *seh₁y- (“to sift, strain”) (compare Ancient Greek ἠθέω (ēthéō), Lithuanian sijóti, Serbo-Croatian sȉjati).[2]

            Alternative forms

            Pronunciation

            Noun

            sīnus m (genitive sīnī); second declension

            1. (pre-classical) alternative form of sīnum (“large round drinking vessel”)
            Inflection

            Second-declension noun.

            singular plural
            nominative sīnus sīnī
            genitive sīnī sīnōrum
            dative sīnō sīnīs
            accusative sīnum sīnōs
            ablative sīnō sīnīs
            vocative sīne sīnī

            References

            1. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “sinus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 567
            2. ^ Douglas Q. Adams (1997), “Sieve”, in J. P. Mallory, Douglas Q. Adams, editors, Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London: Fitzroy Dearborn, page 518

            Further reading

            • “sinus”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
            • “sinum”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
            • “sinus”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891), An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
            • "sinus", in Charles du Fresne du Cange, Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
            • “sinus”, in Gaffiot, Félix (1934), Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
            • Carl Meißner; Henry William Auden (1894), Latin Phrase-Book‎[2], London: Macmillan and Co.
              • the heart of the city: sinus urbis (Sall. Cat. 52. 35)
              • the city is situate on a bay: urbs in sinu sita est
              • to rejoice in secret: in sinu gaudere (Tusc. 3. 21. 51)
              • to love and make a bosom friend of a person: aliquem in sinu gestare (aliquis est in sinu alicuius) (Ter. Ad. 4. 5. 75)
              • (ambiguous) to be driven into the arms of philosophy: in sinum philosophiae compelli
            • “sinus”, in Harry Thurston Peck, editor (1898), Harper’s Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers
            • “sinus”, in William Smith, editor (1854, 1857), A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, volume 1 & 2, London: Walton and Maberly

            Northern Sami

            Pronunciation

            Noun

            sinus

            1. locative singular of sitnu

            Norwegian Bokmål

            Etymology

            Learned borrowing from Latin sinus.

            Noun

            sinus m (definite singular sinusen, indefinite plural sinuser, definite plural sinusene)

            1. (trigonometry) sine
            2. (anatomy) sinus

            References

            Norwegian Nynorsk

            Etymology

            Learned borrowing from Latin sinus.

            Noun

            sinus m (definite singular sinusen, indefinite plural sinusar, definite plural sinusane)

            1. (trigonometry) sine
            2. (anatomy) sinus

            References

            Polish

            sinus

            Etymology

            Etymology tree
            Proto-Indo-European *sinos
            Proto-Italic *sinus
            ▲
            Arabic جِيبَ (jība)sl.
            New Latin sinuslbor.
            Polish sinus

              Learned borrowing from New Latin sinus.

              Pronunciation

              • IPA(key): /ˈsi.nus/
              • Audio:(file)
              • Rhymes: -inus
              • Syllabification: si‧nus

              Noun

              sinus m inan (related adjective sinusowy)

              1. (trigonometry) sine, sinus (in a right triangle, the ratio of the length of the side opposite an angle to the length of the hypotenuse)
                Hypernym: funkcja trygonometryczna
                Coordinate terms: cosecans, cosinus, cotangens, secans, tangens

              Declension

              Declension of sinus
              singular plural
              nominative sinus sinusy
              genitive sinusa, sinusu sinusów
              dative sinusowi sinusom
              accusative sinus sinusy
              instrumental sinusem sinusami
              locative sinusie sinusach
              vocative sinusie sinusy
              adjective
              adverb
              • sinusoidalnie
              noun

              Further reading

              • “sinus”, in Wielki słownik języka polskiego‎[3] (in Polish), Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
              • “sinus”, in Polish dictionaries at PWN‎[4] (in Polish)

              Romanian

              Etymology

              Etymology tree
              Latin sinuslbor.
              French sinusbor.
              Romanian sinus

                Borrowed from French sinus, a learned borrowing from Latin sinus.

                Noun

                sinus n (plural sinusuri)

                1. sine (trigonometric function)

                Swedish

                Etymology

                Learned borrowing from Latin sinus.

                Noun

                sinus c

                1. (trigonometry) sine
                2. (anatomy) sinus

                Declension

                No inflected forms. sinus is used for the definite singular.

                Further reading

                Veps

                Pronoun

                sinus

                1. inessive of sinä
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