sequor

Latin

Etymology

    Inherited from Proto-Italic *sekʷōr, from Proto-Indo-European *sékʷetor, from *sekʷ- (“to follow”).[1] The perfect participle secūtus must have been created innovatively as a replacement for the more archaic participle *sekʷtos, which is the source of sector (“to follow continually”). The impetus for the remodeling was perhaps the analogical pressure of the participles to other uō-verbs, such as minūtus. Alternatively, Leppänen suggests that this reshaping occurred so as to avoid homophony with sectus.[2] Cognates include Sanskrit सच॑ते (sácate), Avestan 𐬵𐬀𐬗𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬉 (hacaitē) and Ancient Greek ἕπομαι (hépomai).[1]

    Pronunciation

    Verb

    sequor (present infinitive sequī, perfect active secūtus sum or sequūtus sum); third conjugation, deponent (transitive)

    1. to follow, to come or go after, to pursue
      Synonyms: persequor, cōnsequor, īnsequor, īnsector, continuō, excipiō, exsequor, agō, premō, īnstō
      • 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Vergilius, Aeneis 3.188:
        Cēdāmus Phoebō et monitī meliōra sequāmur.
        Let us yield to Phoebus, and having been warned follow better things.
      • 8 CE, Ovidius, Metamorphoses 7.20:
        Video meliora proboque, deteriora sequor.
        I see, and I desire the better: I follow the worse.
      • 234 BCE – 149 BCE, Marcus Porcius Cato, De agri cultura:
        Rem tene, verba sequentur.
        Grasp the subject, the words will follow.
    2. to accede or conform to, follow, comply with
      • 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Vergilius, Aeneis 4.537–538:
        “Īliacās igitur classēs atque ultima Teucrum / iussa sequar? [...].”
        Dido asks herself: “Should I then follow the Ilian ships and [accede to] the utmost Teucrian orders?”
        (The dual meaning for “sequar” exemplifies zeugma. People from Ilium, descendants of King Teucer = The Trojans.)
    3. to attend, accompany
      Synonyms: comitō, exsequor, cōnsequor
    4. to succeed (i.e., follow in position)
      Synonyms: subeō, succēdō, excipiō
    5. (logic, third person) to follow, ensue

    Usage notes

    • The verb dūcere is used for “to be followed”, effectively giving dūcere two passives, this verb being one of them.
    • In later Latin, an active voice sequō was invented for “to follow”, leading to the passive forms being relegated to “to be followed”.

    Conjugation

       Conjugation of sequor (third conjugation, deponent)
    indicative singular plural
    first second third first second third
    active present sequor sequeris,
    sequere     		sequitur sequimur sequiminī sequuntur
    imperfect sequēbar sequēbāris,
    sequēbāre     		sequēbātur sequēbāmur sequēbāminī sequēbantur
    future sequar sequēris,
    sequēre     		sequētur sequēmur sequēminī sequentur
    perfect secūtus or sequūtus + present active indicative of sum
    pluperfect secūtus or sequūtus + imperfect active indicative of sum
    future perfect secūtus or sequūtus + future active indicative of sum
    subjunctive singular plural
    first second third first second third
    active present sequar sequāris,
    sequāre     		sequātur sequāmur sequāminī sequantur
    imperfect sequerer sequerēris,
    sequerēre     		sequerētur sequerēmur sequerēminī sequerentur
    perfect secūtus or sequūtus + present active subjunctive of sum
    pluperfect secūtus or sequūtus + imperfect active subjunctive of sum
    imperative singular plural
    first second third first second third
    active present — sequere — — sequiminī —
    future — sequitor sequitor — — sequuntor
    non-finite forms infinitive participle
    active passive active passive
    present sequī — sequēns —
    future secūtūrum esse,
    sequūtūrum esse     		— secūtūrus,
    sequūtūrus     		sequendus
    perfect secūtum esse,
    sequūtum esse     		— secūtus,
    sequūtus     		—
    future perfect secūtum fore,
    sequūtum fore     		— — —
    perfect potential secūtūrum fuisse,
    sequūtūrum fuisse     		— — —
    verbal nouns gerund supine
    genitive dative accusative ablative accusative ablative
    sequendī sequendō sequendum sequendō secūtum,
    sequūtum     		secūtū,
    sequūtū

    Derived terms

    Descendants

    • Insular Romance:
      • Sardinian: sichire, sighire
      • Gallurese: sighì
      • Sassarese: sighì
    • Italo-Dalmatian:
    • Gallo-Romance:
    • Ibero-Romance:
    • ⇒ Vulgar Latin: *sequitāre
      • Italo-Romance:
      • Gallo-Italic:
        • Emilian: seguitèr
        • Lombard: seguttà, segutà, siguttà, sigutà
    • Borrowings:

    References

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “sequor, sequī”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 555-6
    2. ^ Leppänen, Ville (2019), Ablaut and the Latin Verb: Aspects of Morphophonological Change (PhD Dissertation)‎[1], Munich: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, →DOI, page 39

    Further reading

    • “sequor”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
    • “sequor”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891), An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
    • “sequor”, in Gaffiot, Félix (1934), Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
    • Carl Meißner; Henry William Auden (1894), Latin Phrase-Book‎[2], London: Macmillan and Co.
      • to follow in any one's steps: vestigia alicuius sequi, persequi or vestigiis aliquem sequi, persequi
      • to court a person's favour; to ingratiate oneself with..: gratiam alicuius sibi quaerere, sequi, more strongly aucupari
      • to be a lover of ease, leisure: otium sequi, amplexari
      • to adopt some one's opinion: ad alicuius sententiam accedere, sententiam alicuius sequi
      • to try to conjecture probabilities: probabilia coniectura sequi
      • my intention is..: id sequor, ut
      • to be guided by another's example: auctoritatem alicuius sequi
      • to be a follower, disciple of some one: sectam alicuius sequi (Brut. 31. 120)
      • it follows from this that..: sequitur (not ex quo seq.) ut
      • to hold by the letter (of the law): verba ac litteras or scriptum (legis) sequi (opp. sententia the spirit)
      • to strive to attain virtue: virtutem sequi, virtutis studiosum esse
      • to follow fixed principles of conduct: certas rationes in agendo sequi
      • to embrace the cause of..., be a partisan of..: alicuius partes (causam) or simply aliquem sequi
      • to be neutral: neutram partem sequi
      • to follow the standards: signa sequi (opp. a signis discedere, signa relinquere)
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