bugan

See also: Bugan, bùgān, and bùgǎn

English

Etymology

From Welsh bwgan (“hobgoblin”), from Middle Welsh, possibly from Middle English bugge.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈbʊɡən/, /ˈbuːɡən/, /ˈbʌɡən/
Rhymes: -uːɡən

Noun

bugan (plural bugans)

hobgoblin, evil spirit

Anagrams

Abung, buang, unbag

Cebuano

Etymology

Shortened form of bulogan.

Pronunciation

Hyphenation: bu‧gan

Noun

búgan

(anatomy) the groin

Quotations

For quotations using this term, see Citations:bugan.

Old English

Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *beugan, with the diphthong analogically replaced by ū in the present stem,^[1] from Proto-Germanic *beuganą. Cognate with Old Saxon būgan, Old High German biogan, Gothic 𐌱𐌹𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌽 (biugan).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈbuː.ɡɑn/, [ˈbuː.ɣɑn]
Rhymes: -uː.ɡɑn

Verb

būgan (intransitive)

to bend
- c. 990 CE, Mark 1:7, in Benjamin Thorpe, F.S.A., ed. and transl., The Anglo-Saxon Version of the Holy Gospels, London: J.G.F. and J. Rivington; and J.H. Parker, published 1842, page 70:
  Strengra cymþ æfter mē, þæs ne eom iċ wierðe þæt iċ his sċōna þwanga būgende oncnytte.
  Someone stronger is coming after me, who I'm unfit to bend down and untie the straps of his sandals.
to bow
- c. 989–992 CE, Ælfric of Eynsham, “Sermon on the Nativity of Our Lord”, in Benjamin Thorpe, F.S.A., ed. and transl., The Homilies of the Anglo-Saxon Church, volume I, London: Richard and John E. Taylor, published 1844, page 32:
  Hē wæs ācenned on þæs cāseres dagum þe wæs Octaviānus ġehāten, sē ġerȳmde Rōmāna rīċe tō þon swīðe þæt him eall middanġeard tō bēag.
  He was born in the days of the emperor Octavian, who expanded the Roman Empire so much that the whole world bowed to him.
to turn (toward or away from something)
- 996–997, Ælfric of Eynsham, “Ash-Wednesday”, in Rev. Walter W. Skeat, M.A., ed. and transl., Aelfric's Lives of Saints (Early English Text Society original series 82), volume I, London: N. Trübner & Co., published 1885, page 272:
  ...þæt is būh fram yfele and dō gōd.
  ...'Turn from evil, and do good.'
- c. 992–1006 CE, Ælfric of Eynsham et al., Numbers 14:3, in Chr[istian] Wil[helm] Mich[ael] Grein, Dr. Phil., editor, Älfrik de vetere et novo testamento, Pentateuch, Iosua, Buch der Richter und Hiob (Bibliothek der angelsächsischen Prosa [Library of Anglo-Saxon Prose]), erster Band [first volume], Kassel and Göttingen, Germany: Georg H. Wigand, published 1872, page 189:
  Nis ūs lā betere þæt wē būgen onġēan tō Ēgypta lande?
  Isn't it better for us to turn back to Egypt?
- c. 989–992 CE, Ælfric of Eynsham, “The Epiphany of the Lord” (VII), in Benjamin Thorpe, F.S.A., ed. and transl., The Homilies of the Anglo-Saxon Church, volume I, London: Richard and John E. Taylor, published 1844, page 108 of 108,110:
  ... and se ðe fram Gode bichð to deofle, he forlyst Godes gife, ...
  ... and he who inclines from God to the devil loses God's grace, ...
to yield, give way
to submit
- Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Manuscript A, year 912
  Þā fōr Ēadweard cyning mid sumum his fultume on Ēastseaxan tō Mǣldūne and wīcode þǣr þā hwīle þe man þā burg worhte and ġetimbrede æt Withām, and him bēag gōd dǣl þæs folces tō þe ǣr under Denisċra manna anwealde wǣron.
  Then King Edward traveled with some of his forces to Maldon in Essex, and encamped there while the fortifications were being built in Witham, and a good portion of the people submitted to him who had been living under Danish rule.
- c. 989–992 CE, Ælfric of Eynsham, “The Nativity of St. Paul the Apostle” (XXVII), in Benjamin Thorpe, F.S.A., ed. and transl., The Homilies of the Anglo-Saxon Church, volume I, London: Richard and John E. Taylor, published 1844, page 386:
  Þa, mid ðisum wordum, feollon swylce fylmena of his eagum, and he ðærrihte gesihðe underfeng, and to fulluhte bēah.
  Then with these words there fell as it were films from his eyes, and he straightways received sight, and submitted to baptism.
to withdraw, retire
- c. 990 CE, John 5:13, in Benjamin Thorpe, F.S.A., ed. and transl., The Anglo-Saxon Version of the Holy Gospels, London: J.G.F. and J. Rivington; and J.H. Parker, published 1842, page 190:
  Sē þe þǣr ġehǣled wæs nysse hwā hit wæs: sē Hǣlend sōðlīċe bēag fram þǣre ġaderunge.
  The person who was healed didn't know who it was: Jesus had withdrawn from the crowd.
- c. 1932, J. R. R. Tolkien, Old English version of the "Annals of Beleriand"
  Morgoþ mid þȳ þe lēoht ætīewde bēag on his dēopostan ġedelf, ac siþþan smiðode þǣr fela þinga dearnunga and sende forþ sweartne smīeċ.
  Morgoth at the coming of the light withdrew into his deepest dungeons, but there he smithied many things in secret, and sent forth black smoke.
to incline
- 996–997, Ælfric of Eynsham, “Saint George, Martyr”, in Rev. Walter W. Skeat, M.A., ed. and transl., Aelfric's Lives of Saints (Early English Text Society original series 82), volume I, London: N. Trübner & Co., published 1885, page 314:
  Nāst þū lā Geori þæt ūre godas swincað mid þē and ġit hī synd ġeþyldiġe þæt hī þe miltsion. Nū lǣre ic ðē swā swā lēofne sunu þæt ðū þæra cristenra lāre forlǣte mid ealle and tō mīnum rǣde hraðe ġebūge swā þæt ðū offriġe þām ārwurðan Appoline and þū mycelne wurðmynt miht swā beġitan.
  Knowest thou not, O George, that our gods are striving with thee, and even yet they are patient, that they may pity thee; now I exhort thee, as a beloved son, that thou altogether quit the Christians' doctrine, and quickly incline to my counsel, so that thou sacrifice to the venerable Apollo, and thou mayest so obtain great honour.

Usage notes

The transitive equivalent is bīeġan.

Conjugation

Conjugation of būgan (strong, class II)

indicative mood	present tense	past tense
infinitive	būgan	būgenne
first person singular	būge	bēag, bēah
second person singular	bȳġst	buge
third person singular	bȳġþ	bēag, bēah
plural	būgaþ	bugon
subjunctive	present tense	past tense
singular	būge	buge
plural	būgen	bugen
imperative
singular	būg, būh
plural	būgaþ
participle	present	past
	būgende	(ġe)bogen

Derived terms

Related terms

Descendants

Middle English: bowen, bouwe, bouwen, bowe, buȝen, buȝhenn, buhen, buwen (Early Middle English), bouȝe (Kent), boughe, bow, bowghe (Northern), bouwien (Southern)
- English: bow
- Middle Scots: bow
  - Scots: bou, bow, boo

References

^ Ringe, Donald; Taylor, Ann (2014), The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English; 2), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 40:
Since Gothic and OHG do not usually share innovations, it appears that most or all of the verbs with *ū must be innovative (either entirely new lexemes or remodellings of older verbs with *eu). It has repeatedly been suggested that the new ablaut pattern was modelled on that of class I verbs with *ī in the root

Old Saxon

Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *beugan.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈbuːɣɑn/

Verb

būgan

to bend, bow (down)

Conjugation

Conjugation of būgan (strong class 2)

indicative	present	past
infinitive	būgan
1st person singular	būgu	bōh
2nd person singular	būgis	bugi
3rd person singular	būgid	bōh
plural	būgad	bugun
subjunctive	present	past
1st person singular	būge	bugi
2nd person singular	būges	bugis
3rd person singular	būge	bugi
plural	būgen	bugin
imperative	present
singular	būg
plural	būgad
participle	present	past
	būgandi	gibogan, bogan

Descendants

Middle Low German: būgen
- Low German: bugen
- Plautdietsch: bieejen

[1] Ringe, Donald; Taylor, Ann (2014), The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English; 2), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 40:
Since Gothic and OHG do not usually share innovations, it appears that most or all of the verbs with *ū must be innovative (either entirely new lexemes or remodellings of older verbs with *eu). It has repeatedly been suggested that the new ablaut pattern was modelled on that of class I verbs with *ī in the root

[1]