Iran

Islamic Republic of Iran
جمهوری اسلامی ایران (Persian)
*Jomhuri-ye Eslâmi-ye Irân*
Islamic Republic of Iran جمهوری اسلامی ایران (Persian) ; Jomhuri-ye Eslâmi-ye Irân
	Flag Emblem
	Motto: اَللَّٰهُ أَكْبَرُ; Allāhu ʾAkbar (Takbir); "God is the Greatest"; (de jure); استقلال، آزادی، جمهوری اسلامی; Esteghlâl, Âzâdi, Jomhuri-ye Eslâmi; "Independence, freedom, the Islamic Republic"; (de facto);
	Anthem: سرود ملی جمهوری اسلامی ایران; Sorud-e Melli-ye Jomhuri-ye Eslâmi-ye Irân; "National Anthem of the Islamic Republic of Iran"
Capital and largest city	Tehran; 35°41′N 51°25′E / 35.683°N 51.417°E
Official languages	Persian
Ethnic groups (2025)	61% Persians; 16% Azerbaijanis; 10% Kurds; 6% Lurs; 2% Arabs; 2% Baloch; 2% Turkmen and Turkic tribes; 1% others;
Religion (2026)	99.4% Islam 90–95% Shia (official); 5–10% Sunni; ; 0.6% other (incl. Christians, Zoroastrians, Jews);
Demonym	Iranian
Government	Unitary presidential theocratic Islamic republic under an authoritarian dictatorship
• Supreme Leader	Mojtaba Khamenei
• President	Masoud Pezeshkian
• First Vice President	Mohammad Reza Aref
• Speaker of the Assembly	Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf
• Chief Justice	Gholam-Hossein Mohseni-Eje'i
Legislature	Islamic Consultative Assembly
Formation
• Median kingdom	c. 678 BC
• Achaemenid Empire	550 BC
• Parthian Empire	247 BC
• Sasanian Empire	224 AD
• Iranian Intermezzo	821
• Safavid Iran	22 December 1501
• Afsharid Iran	22 January 1736
• Zand Iran	1751
• Qajar Iran	20 March 1794
• Constitutional Revolution	12 December 1905
• Pahlavi Iran	15 December 1925
• Iranian Revolution	11 February 1979
• Islamic Republic established	1 April 1979
• Current constitution	3 December 1979
• Constitutional amendment	28 July 1989
Area
• Total	1,648,195 km2 (636,372 sq mi) (17th)
• Water (%)	1.63 (as of 2015)
Population
• 2025 estimate	92,417,681 (17th)
• Density	52/km2 (134.7/sq mi) (163rd)
GDP (PPP)	2026 estimate
• Total	$1.783 trillion (26th)
• Per capita	$20,279 (98th)
GDP (nominal)	2026 estimate
• Total	$300.293 billion (51st)
• Per capita	$3,415 (139th)
Gini (2023)	35.9; medium inequality
HDI (2023)	0.799; high (75th)
Currency	Iranian rial (ریال) (IRR)
Time zone	UTC+3:30 (IRST)
Calling code	+98
ISO 3166 code	IR
Internet TLD	.ir; ایران.;

Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, and historically known as Persia, is a country in West Asia. It borders Iraq to the west, Turkey, Azerbaijan, and Armenia to the northwest, the Caspian Sea to the north, Turkmenistan to the northeast, Afghanistan to the east, Pakistan to the southeast, and the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf to the south. With a population of over 92 million, Iran ranks 17th globally in both geographic size and population. It is divided into five regions with 31 provinces. Tehran is the nation's capital and largest city and serves as its primary economic center.

Home to one of the world's oldest continuous major civilizations, the territory of present-day Iran was first unified under the Medes in the 7th century BC and reached its territorial height in the 6th century BC, when Cyrus the Great founded the Achaemenid Empire. Alexander the Great conquered the empire in the 4th century BC. An Iranian rebellion in the 3rd century BC established the Parthian Empire, which later liberated the country. In the 3rd century AD, the Parthians were succeeded by the Sasanian Empire, which oversaw a golden age in the history of Iranian civilization. Ancient Iran saw some of the earliest developments of writing, agriculture, urbanization, religion, and administration. Once a center for Zoroastrianism, Iran underwent Islamization following the 7th century Muslim conquest. Innovations in literature, philosophy, mathematics, medicine, astronomy and art were renewed during the Islamic Golden Age and Iranian Intermezzo, a period during which Iranian Muslim dynasties ended Arab rule and revived the Persian language. This era was followed by Seljuk and Khwarazmian rule, Mongol conquests and the Timurid Renaissance from the 11th to 14th centuries.

In the 16th century, the native Safavid dynasty re-established a unified Iranian state with Twelver Shia Islam as the official religion, laying the framework for the modern state of Iran. During the Afsharid Empire in the 18th century, Iran was a leading world power, but it lost this status after the Qajars took power in the 1790s. The early 20th century saw the Persian Constitutional Revolution and the establishment of the Pahlavi dynasty by Reza Shah, who ousted the last Qajar Shah in 1925. Following the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran in 1941, his son Mohammad Reza Pahlavi rose to power. Attempts by Mohammad Mosaddegh to nationalize the oil industry led to the Anglo-American coup in 1953.

The Iranian Revolution in 1979 overthrew the monarchy, and the Islamic Republic of Iran was established by Ruhollah Khomeini, the country's first supreme leader. In 1980, Iraq invaded Iran, sparking the eight-year-long Iran–Iraq War. Iran has since been involved in proxy wars with Israel and Saudi Arabia; in 2025, Israeli strikes on Iran escalated tensions into the Twelve-Day War. Following the war and amid a growing economic crisis, the largest protests since 1979 erupted in 2025. The United States and Israel launched a war with Iran in 2026, after they assassinated supreme leader Ali Khamenei. His son, Mojtaba Khamenei, was elected as his successor.

Iran's government is a theocratic Islamic republic governed by elected and unelected institutions, with ultimate authority vested in the supreme leader. While it holds elections, key offices, including the head of state and military, are not subject to public vote. The Iranian government is an authoritarian regime which has been widely criticized internationally due to poor human rights record, including restrictions on freedom of assembly, expression, and the press, as well as its treatment of women, ethnic minorities, and political dissidents. The Iranian economy is centrally planned with significant state ownership in key sectors. It is a regional power, due to its large reserves of fossil fuels, natural gas supply and oil reserves, its geopolitically significant location, and its role as the world's focal point of Shia Islam. Iran is a threshold state with one of the most scrutinized nuclear programs. It is a founding member of the UN and a member state of numerous international organizations. Iran has 30 UNESCO World Heritage Sites (the 10th-highest in the world) and ranks 4th in intangible cultural heritage or human treasures.