grafa

See also: grāfa and grāfā

Icelandic

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ˈkraːva]
Rhymes: -aːva

Etymology 1

From Old Norse grafa (“to dig”), from Proto-Germanic *grabaną, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰrābʰ- (“to dig, scratch, scrape”).

Verb

grafa (strong verb, third-person singular past indicative gróf, third-person plural past indicative grófu, supine grafið)

to dig
to bury
Synonym: greftra
to engrave
Synonym: skera
to enquire
Synonyms: grafast, spyrja
(impersonal) for there to be a festering/infection [with það ‘dummy subject’ and í (+ dative) ‘location of infection’] (idiomatically translated as “fester” or “get infected”, with the dative prepositional object as the logical subject)
Það grefur í sárinu.
The wound is festering/is getting infected.
(literally, “There is an infection in the wound.”)

Conjugation

*grafa* – active voice (*germynd*)
		present nútíð	past þátíð	present nútíð	past þátíð
infinitive nafnháttur		að grafa
supine sagnbót		grafið
present participle lýsingarháttur nútíðar		grafandi

		indicative framsöguháttur		subjunctive viðtengingarháttur
singular	ég	gref	gróf	grafi	græfi
	þú	grefur	grófst	grafir	græfir
	hann, hún, það	grefur	gróf	grafi	græfi
plural	við	gröfum	grófum	gröfum	græfum
	þið	grafið	grófuð	grafið	græfuð
	þeir, þær, þau	grafa	grófu	grafi	græfu

		imperative boðháttur
singular	þú	graf (þú), grafðu
plural	þið	grafið (þið), grafiði¹

¹ Spoken form, usually not written; in writing, the unappended plural form (optionally followed by the full pronoun) is preferred.

*grafast* – mediopassive voice (*miðmynd*)
		present nútíð	past þátíð	present nútíð	past þátíð
infinitive nafnháttur		að grafast
supine sagnbót		grafist
present participle lýsingarháttur nútíðar		grafandist (rare; see appendix)

		indicative framsöguháttur		subjunctive viðtengingarháttur
singular	ég	grefst	grófst	grafist	græfist
	þú	grefst	grófst	grafist	græfist
	hann, hún, það	grefst	grófst	grafist	græfist
plural	við	gröfumst	grófumst	gröfumst	græfumst
	þið	grafist	grófust	grafist	græfust
	þeir, þær, þau	grafast	grófust	grafist	græfust

		imperative boðháttur
singular	þú	grafst (þú), grafstu
plural	þið	grafist (þið), grafisti¹

¹ Spoken form, usually not written; in writing, the unappended plural form (optionally followed by the full pronoun) is preferred.

*grafinn* — past participle (lýsingarháttur þátíðar)
strong declension (sterk beyging)	singular (eintala)			plural (fleirtala)
strong declension (sterk beyging)	masculine (karlkyn)	feminine (kvenkyn)	neuter (hvorugkyn)	masculine (karlkyn)	feminine (kvenkyn)	neuter (hvorugkyn)
nominative (nefnifall)	grafinn	grafin	grafið	grafnir	grafnar	grafin
accusative (þolfall)	grafinn	grafna	grafið	grafna	grafnar	grafin
dative (þágufall)	gröfnum	grafinni	gröfnu	gröfnum	gröfnum	gröfnum
genitive (eignarfall)	grafins	grafinnar	grafins	grafinna	grafinna	grafinna

weak declension (veik beyging)	singular (eintala)			plural (fleirtala)
weak declension (veik beyging)	masculine (karlkyn)	feminine (kvenkyn)	neuter (hvorugkyn)	masculine (karlkyn)	feminine (kvenkyn)	neuter (hvorugkyn)
nominative (nefnifall)	grafni	grafna	grafna	gröfnu	gröfnu	gröfnu
accusative (þolfall)	grafna	gröfnu	grafna	gröfnu	gröfnu	gröfnu
dative (þágufall)	grafna	gröfnu	grafna	gröfnu	gröfnu	gröfnu
genitive (eignarfall)	grafna	gröfnu	grafna	gröfnu	gröfnu	gröfnu

Derived terms

grafa skurði (“to trench”)
grafa undan (“to undermine”)

Related terms

gröf

Etymology 2

From the verb grafa (“to dig”).

Noun

grafa f (genitive singular gröfu, nominative plural gröfur)

an excavator, a digger; (large machine used to dig holes and trenches)

Declension

Declension of *grafa* (feminine)
	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	grafa	grafan	gröfur	gröfurnar
accusative	gröfu	gröfuna	gröfur	gröfurnar
dative	gröfu	gröfunni	gröfum	gröfunum
genitive	gröfu	gröfunnar	grafa	grafanna

Derived terms

keðjugrafa (“trencher”)
traktorsgrafa (“excavator loader”)
vélgrafa (“mechanical excavator”)
víragrafa (“rope-operated excavator”)
vökvagrafa (“hydraulic excavator”)

Etymology 3

Noun

grafa

indefinite genitive plural of gröf

Irish

Participle

grafa

past participle of graf (“write; draw, sketch; graph, plot, chart”)

Noun

grafa m sg

genitive singular of grafadh

Noun

grafa m pl

vocative plural of graf (“graph, chart”)

Mutation

Mutated forms of *grafa*
radical	lenition	eclipsis
grafa	ghrafa	ngrafa

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Lithuanian

Pronunciation

(grafà) IPA^(key): /ɡraˈfa/

Noun

grafà f (plural grafos) stress pattern 2^[1]

space between two vertical lines;^[1] column^[2]

Declension

Declension of **grafà**
	singular	plural
nominative	grafà	grafos
genitive	grafos	grafų
dative	grafai	grafoms
accusative	grafą	grafàs
instrumental	grafà	grafomis
locative	grafoje	grafose
vocative	grafa	grafos

Synonyms

skiltis f

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Lietuvių kalbos žodynas (t. I–XX, 1941–2002): elektroninis variantas. Redaktorių kolegija: Gertrūda Naktinienė (vyr. redaktorė), Jonas Paulauskas, Ritutė Petrokienė, Vytautas Vitkauskas, Jolanta Zabarskaitė. Programuotojai: Evaldas Ožeraitis, Vytautas Zinkevičius. – Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2005 (atnaujinta versija, 2017). – http://www.lkz.lt. →ISBN
^ Martsinkyavitshute, Victoria (1993), Hippocrene Concise Dictionary: Lithuanian-English/English-Lithuanian. New York: Hippocrene Books. →ISBN

Old English

Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *graib, *graibō (“branch, group of branches, thicket”), from Proto-Germanic *graibaz, *graibô (“branch, fork”), perhaps related to *grīpaną (“to grasp”) and Ancient Greek χρίμπτω (khrímptō, “scratch, graze, wound”).^[1]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈɡrɑː.fɑ/, [ˈɡrɑː.vɑ]
Rhymes: -ɑː.fɑ

Noun

grāfa m

grove, copse

Declension

Weak:

	singular	plural
nominative	grāfa	grāfan
accusative	grāfan	grāfan
genitive	grāfan	grāfena
dative	grāfan	grāfum

Descendants

Middle English: grove
- English: grove

Old Norse

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *grabaną.

Verb

grafa

to dig
to bury
to engrave
to enquire (also in middle voice: grafask)
(impersonal) to cause the formation of pus (in something); suppurate

Conjugation

Conjugation of *grafa* — active (strong class 6)
	present	past	present	past
infinitive	grafa
present participle	grafandi
past participle	grafinn

	indicative		subjunctive
1st person singular	gref	gróf	grafa	grœfa
2nd person singular	grefr	gróft	grafir	grœfir
3rd person singular	grefr	gróf	grafi	grœfi
1st person plural	grǫfum	grófum	grafim	grœfim
2nd person plural	grafið	grófuð	grafið	grœfið
3rd person plural	grafa	grófu	grafi	grœfi

imperative	present
2nd person singular	graf
1st person plural	grǫfum
2nd person plural	grafið

Conjugation of *grafa* — mediopassive (strong class 6)
	present	past	present	past
infinitive	grafask
present participle	grafandisk
past participle	grafizk

	indicative		subjunctive
1st person singular	grǫfumk	grófumk	grǫfumk	grœfumk
2nd person singular	grefsk	grófzk	grafisk	grœfisk
3rd person singular	grefsk	grófsk	grafisk	grœfisk
1st person plural	grǫfumsk	grófumsk	grafimsk	grœfimsk
2nd person plural	grafizk	grófuzk	grafizk	grœfizk
3rd person plural	grafask	grófusk	grafisk	grœfisk

imperative	present
2nd person singular	grafsk
1st person plural	grǫfumsk
2nd person plural	grafizk

Related terms

grǫf
grǫftr

Descendants

Icelandic: grafa
Faroese: grava
Norwegian:
- Norwegian Bokmål: grave
- Norwegian Nynorsk: grave, grava
Elfdalian: gråvå
Old Swedish: grava, græva
- Swedish: grava, gräva; grafva, gräfva (pre-1906 spelling)
Danish: grave

Polish

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈɡra.fa/
Rhymes: -afa
Syllabification: gra‧fa

Etymology 1

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Noun

grafa m pers

genitive/accusative singular of graf (“count”)

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Noun

grafa m inan

genitive singular of graf (“autograph”)

Portuguese

Verb

grafa

inflection of grafar:
1. third-person singular present indicative
2. second-person singular imperative

Scottish Gaelic

Noun

grafa m sg

genitive singular of graf

Mutation

Mutation of *grafa*
radical	lenition
grafa	ghrafa

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Scottish Gaelic.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

[LKZ-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Lietuvių kalbos žodynas (t. I–XX, 1941–2002): elektroninis variantas. Redaktorių kolegija: Gertrūda Naktinienė (vyr. redaktorė), Jonas Paulauskas, Ritutė Petrokienė, Vytautas Vitkauskas, Jolanta Zabarskaitė. Programuotojai: Evaldas Ožeraitis, Vytautas Zinkevičius. – Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2005 (atnaujinta versija, 2017). – http://www.lkz.lt. →ISBN

[2] Martsinkyavitshute, Victoria (1993), Hippocrene Concise Dictionary: Lithuanian-English/English-Lithuanian. New York: Hippocrene Books. →ISBN

[3] Wood, F. A. (2020). Indo-European Ax : Axi : Axu: A Study in Ablaut and in Wordformation. Germany: De Gruyter, p. 111-12

[1]

[2]

[1]

Icelandic

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

Verb

Conjugation

Derived terms

Related terms

Etymology 2

Noun

Declension

Derived terms

Etymology 3

Noun

Irish

Participle

Noun

Noun

Mutation

Lithuanian

Pronunciation

Noun

Declension

Synonyms

References

Old English

Etymology

Pronunciation

Noun

Declension

Descendants

Further reading

Old Norse

Etymology

Verb

Conjugation

Related terms

Descendants

Further reading

Polish

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

Noun

Etymology 2

Noun

Portuguese

Verb

Scottish Gaelic

Noun

Mutation