Zeeman effect

The spectral lines of mercury vapor lamp at wavelength 546.1 nm, showing anomalous Zeeman effect. (A) Without magnetic field. (B) With magnetic field, spectral lines split as transverse Zeeman effect. (C) With magnetic field, split as longitudinal Zeeman effect. The spectral lines were obtained using a Fabry–Pérot interferometer.

Zeeman splitting of the 5s level of ⁸⁷Rb, including fine structure and hyperfine structure splitting. Here F = J + I, where I is the nuclear spin (for ⁸⁷Rb, I = 3⁄2).

The Zeeman effect (Dutch: [ˈzeːmɑn]) is the splitting of a spectral line into several components in the presence of a static magnetic field. It is caused by the interaction of the magnetic field with the magnetic moments of the atomic electrons associated with their orbital motion and spin; this interaction shifts some orbital energies more than others, resulting in the split spectrum.

The effect is named after the Dutch physicist Pieter Zeeman, who discovered it in 1896 and received the Nobel Prize in Physics for it in 1902. It is analogous to the Stark effect, the splitting of a spectral line into several components in the presence of an electric field. Also, similar to the Stark effect, transitions between different components have, in general, different intensities, with some being entirely forbidden (in the dipole approximation), as governed by the selection rules.

Since the distance between the Zeeman sub-levels is a function of magnetic field strength, this effect can be used to measure magnetic field strength, e.g. that of the Sun and other stars or in laboratory plasmas.