September Laws (Sudan)

shown is Abdul Rahman Ali, a young Sudanese dressed in a jalabiya, a traditional Sudanese white garment, sitting against a textured, warm-toned wall. Ali has a calm and contemplative expression, resting their left arm on their lap while their hand supports their face. Ali's right arm is amputated just below the elbow.
Abdul Rahman Ali
shown is Idris Al-Nur Koko, a young Sudanese wearing a white jalabiya, a traditional Sudanese garment. Koko is standing in front of a plain, textured wall with a calm but serious expression. Koko’s left arm is amputated just below the elbow, which they hold gently with their right hand.
Idris Al-Nur Koko
Shown is Garang Deng Bol, a Sudanese adult man wearing a white jalabiya layered over a T-shirt, with the T-shirt collar visible at the neckline. Bol is also wearing a striped hat with light and dark bands. Bol has a warm yet slightly hesitant expression. Bol's right arm is amputated just below the elbow, and their left hand is resting on their chest.
Garang Deng Bol
shown is Al-Amin Kabashi, a Sudanese adult man dressed in a white jalabiya, a traditional Sudanese garment, with a white turban neatly wrapped around their head. Kabashi has a calm and thoughtful expression, and their right arm is amputated just below the elbow. Kabashi gently holds the amputated arm with their left hand.
Al-Amin Kabashi
Images of some of the survivors of the September 1983 Laws after amputation according to Sharia law. The images were taken by Peter Anton von Arnim in 1986

In September 1983, president Gaafar Nimeiry introduced Islamic sharia laws in Sudan, known as September Laws (Arabic: قوانين سبتمبر, romanized: Qawānīn Sibtambir), disposing of alcohol and implementing hudud punishments such as public flogging for alcohol consumption and amputations for theft. Nimeiry declared himself the "imam of the Sudanese umma", leading to concerns about the undemocratic implementation of these laws. Hassan al-Turabi (then the attorney general) assisted with drafting the laws and later supported the laws, unlike the leader of the opposition Sadiq al-Mahdi.

Nimeiry's alliance with the Sudanese Muslim Brotherhood aimed to end sectarian divisions and consolidate Islamic governance. Despite Nimeiry's assertion that the sharia laws reduced crime rates, his economic policies, including Islamic banking, led to severe economic issues in Sudan, including high inflation and substantial external debt. This led to his removal in 1985, and the law was frozen during the transition to democracy between 1985 and 1989.

Ultimately, Nimeiry's Islamic policies contributed to the Second Sudanese Civil War in southern Sudan in 1983, ending the Addis Ababa Agreement of 1972, which had granted Southern Sudan regional autonomy and recognised the diversity of the Sudanese society. This shift towards Islamic governance played a crucial role in Sudan's political landscape with multiple parties including the National Islamic Front advocating for Islamic laws during the Omar al-Bashir era between 1989 and 2019.

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