SHELL model

A diagram showing the SHELL model components as building blocks. Liveware is in the middle, surrounded by Software, Hardware, Environment and Liveware. A note reads, "In this model the match or mismatch of the blocks (interface) is just as important as the characteristics of the blocks themselves. A mismatch can be a source of human error."
The SHELL model

In aviation, the SHELL model (also known as the SHEL model) is a conceptual model of human factors that helps to clarify the location and cause of human error within an aviation environment.

It is named after the initial letters of its components (Software, Hardware, Environment, Liveware) and places emphasis on the human being and human interfaces with other components of the aviation system.

The SHELL model adopts a systems perspective that suggests the human is rarely, if ever, the sole cause of an accident. The systems perspective considers a variety of contextual and task-related factors that interact with the human operator within the aviation system to affect operator performance. As a result, the SHELL model considers both active and latent failures in the aviation system.

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