Operation Juniper Shield

Operation Juniper Shield
	Part of the war on terror and the War in the Sahel
	; A United States special forces NCO watches weapons marksmanship training for a member of a Malian counter-terrorism unit in December 2010.
Date	6 February 2007 – present; (19 years, 7 months, 1 week and 3 days)
Location	Sahara Desert and North Africa, West Africa
Result	Ongoing
Belligerents
Algeria; Morocco; Mauritania; Tunisia; Burkina Faso; Chad; Mali ; Niger; Nigeria; Senegal; Cameroon; Togo; Ghana; Ivory Coast; Benin; Cape Verde; Gambia; Guinea; Guinea-Bissau; Liberia; Sierra Leone Multi-national coalitions: MINUSMA (until 2023) ; AFISMA (from 2013) ; EUTM Mali (from 2024) ;	Islamist militants Al-Qaeda; Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin; MOJWA (until 2013); AQIM; Al-Mourabitoun (until 2017); Ansar al-Sharia; Macina Liberation Front; Ansar Dine (until 2017); Boko Haram (partially aligned with ISIL since 2015); Ansaru; ; ISIL Islamic State in the Greater Sahara ; (2015–present); Islamic State – West Africa Province; ;
Commanders and leaders
Abdelmadjid Tebboune ; (2019–present); Nadir Larbaoui ; (2023–present); Mohammed VI ; (2007–present); Aziz Akhannouch ; (2021–present); Mohamed Ould Ghazouani ; (2019–present); Mokhtar Ould Djay ; (2024–present); Kais Saied ; (2019–present); Ahmed Hachani ; (2023–present); Ibrahim Traoré ; (2022–present); Apollinaire Joachim Kyélem de Tambèla ; (2022–present); Mahamat Déby ; (2021–present); Saleh Kebzabo ; (2022–present); Assimi Goïta ; (2021–present); Choguel Kokalla Maïga ; (2021–present); Abdourahamane Tchiani ; (2023–present); Ali Lamine Zeine ; (2023–present); Bola Tinubu ; (2023–present); Bassirou Diomaye Faye ; (2024–present); Ousmane Sonko ; (2024–present); Paul Biya ; (2007–present); Joseph Ngute ; (2019–present); Faure Gnassingbé ; (2007–present); Victoire Tomegah Dogbé ; (2020–present); Nana Akufo-Addo ; (2017–present); Alassane Ouattara ; (2010–present); Robert Beugré Mambé ; (2023–present); Patrice Talon ; (2016–present); José Maria Neves ; (2021–present); Ulisses Correia e Silva ; (2016–present); Adama Barrow ; (2017–present); Mamady Doumbouya ; (2021–present); Bah Oury ; (2024–present); Umaro Sissoco Embaló ; (2020–present); Rui Duarte de Barros ; (2023–present); Joseph Boakai ; (2024–present); Julius Maada Bio ; (2018–present); Donald Trump ; (2025–present); Pete Hegseth ; (2025–present); Charles III ; (2022–present); Keir Starmer ; (2024–present); Mary Simon ; (2021–present); Justin Trudeau ; (2015–present); Emmanuel Macron ; (2017–present); Gabriel Attal ; (2024–present); Frank-Walter Steinmeier ; (2017–present); Friedrich Merz ; (2025–present); Willem-Alexander ; (2013–present); Dick Schoof ; (2024–present); Felipe VI ; (2014–present); Pedro Sánchez ; (2018–present); Frederik X ; (2007–present); Mette Frederiksen ; (2019–present); Petr Pavel ; (2023–present); Petr Fiala ; (2021–present); Carl XVI Gustaf ; (2007–present); Ulf Kristersson ; (2022–present); Former Abdelaziz Bouteflika † ; Abdelkader Bensalah † ; Abdelaziz Belkhadem ; Ahmed Ouyahia ; Abdelmalek Sellal ; Youcef Yousfi ; Noureddine Bedoui ; Sabri Boukadoum ; Abdelaziz Djerad ; Aymen Benabderrahmane ; Driss Jettou ; Abbas El Fassi ; Abdelilah Benkirane ; Saadeddine Othmani ; Ely Ould Mohamed Vall ; Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi ; Ba Mamadou Mbaré ; Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz ; Sidi Mohamed Ould Boubacar ; Zeine Ould Zeidane ; Yahya Ould Ahmed El Waghef ; Moulaye Ould Mohamed Laghdaf ; Yahya Ould Hademine ; Mohamed Salem Ould Béchir ; Ismail Ould Bedde Ould Cheikh Sidiya ; Mohamed Ould Bilal ; Zine El Abidine Ben Ali ; Mohamed Ghannouchi ; Fouad Mebazaa ; Moncef Marzouki ; Beji Caid Essebsi ; Mohamed Ennaceur ; Hamadi Jebali ; Ali Laarayedh ; Mehdi Jomaa ; Habib Essid ; Youssef Chahed ; Elyes Fakhfakh ; Hichem Mechichi ; Najla Bouden ; Blaise Compaoré ; Honoré Traoré ; Yacouba Isaac Zida ; Michel Kafando ; Gilbert Diendéré ; Chérif Sy ; Roch Marc Christian Kaboré ; Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba ; Paramanga Ernest Yonli ; Tertius Zongo ; Luc-Adolphe Tiao ; Paul Kaba Thieba ; Christophe Joseph Marie Dabiré ; Lassina Zerbo ; Albert Ouédraogo ; Idriss Déby † ; Pascal Yoadimnadji ; Adoum Younousmi ; Delwa Kassiré Koumakoye ; Youssouf Saleh Abbas ; Emmanuel Nadingar ; Djimrangar Dadnadji ; Kalzeubet Pahimi Deubet ; Albert Pahimi Padacké ; Amadou Toumani Touré ; Amadou Sanogo ; Dioncounda Traoré ; Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta ; Bah Ndaw ; Ousmane Issoufi Maïga ; Modibo Sidibé ; Cissé Mariam Kaïdama Sidibé ; Cheick Modibo Diarra ; Django Sissoko ; Oumar Tatam Ly ; Moussa Mara ; Modibo Keita ; Abdoulaye Idrissa Maïga ; Soumeylou Boubèye Maïga ; Boubou Cissé ; Moctar Ouane ; Abdoulaye Maïga ; Mamadou Tandja ; Salou Djibo ; Mahamadou Issoufou ; Mohamed Bazoum ; Hama Amadou ; Seyni Oumarou ; Albadé Abouba ; Ali Badjo Gamatié ; Mahamadou Danda ; Brigi Rafini ; Ouhoumoudou Mahamadou ; Olusegun Obasanjo ; Umaru Musa Yar'Adua ; Goodluck Jonathan ; Muhammadu Buhari ; Abdoulaye Wade ; Macky Sall ; Cheikh Hadjibou Soumaré ; Souleymane Ndéné Ndiaye ; Abdoul Mbaye ; Aminata Touré ; Mahammed Dionne ; Amadou Ba ; Sidiki Kaba ; Ephraïm Inoni ; Philémon Yang ; Yawovi Agboyibo ; Komlan Mally ; Gilbert Houngbo ; Kwesi Ahoomey-Zunu ; Komi Sélom Klassou ; John Kufuor ; John Atta Mills ; John Mahama ; Laurent Gbagbo ; Charles Konan Banny † ; Guillaume Soro ; Gilbert Aké ; Jeannot Ahoussou-Kouadio ; Daniel Kablan Duncan ; Amadou Gon Coulibaly † ; Hamed Bakayoko † ; Patrick Achi ; Mathieu Kérékou ; Thomas Boni Yayi ; Pascal Koupaki ; Lionel Zinsou ; Pedro Pires ; Jorge Carlos Fonseca ; Yahya Jammeh ; Lansana Conté ; Moussa Dadis Camara ; Sékouba Konaté ; Alpha Condé ; Eugène Camara ; Lansana Kouyaté ; Ahmed Tidiane Souaré ; Kabiné Komara ; Jean-Marie Doré ; Mohamed Said Fofana ; Mamady Youla ; Ibrahima Kassory Fofana ; Mohamed Béavogui ; Bernard Goumou ; João Bernardo Vieira ; Raimundo Pereira ; Malam Bacai Sanhá ; Mamadu Ture Kuruma ; Manuel Serifo Nhamadjo ; José Mário Vaz ; Aristides Gomes ; Martinho Ndafa Kabi ; Carlos Correia ; Carlos Gomes Júnior ; Adiato Djaló Nandigna ; Rui Duarte de Barros ; Domingos Simões Pereira ; Baciro Djá ; Artur Silva ; Faustino Imbali ; Nuno Gomes Nabiam ; Geraldo Martins ; Ellen Johnson Sirleaf ; George Weah ; Ahmad Tejan Kabbah ; Ernest Bai Koroma ; George W. Bush ; Barack Obama ; Joe Biden ; Robert Gates ; Leon Panetta ; Chuck Hagel ; Ash Carter ; Jim Mattis ; Mark Esper ; Lloyd Austin ; Elizabeth II ; Tony Blair ; Gordon Brown ; David Cameron ; Theresa May ; Boris Johnson ; Liz Truss ; Michaëlle Jean ; David Johnston ; Julie Payette ; Stephen Harper ; Jacques Chirac ; Nicolas Sarkozy ; François Hollande ; Dominique de Villepin ; François Fillon ; Jean-Marc Ayrault ; Manuel Valls ; Bernard Cazeneuve ; Édouard Philippe ; Jean Castex ; Élisabeth Borne ; Horst Köhler ; Christian Wulff ; Joachim Gauck ; Angela Merkel ; Beatrix ; Jan Peter Balkenende ; Mark Rutte ; Juan Carlos I ; José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero ; Mariano Rajoy ; Margrethe II ; Anders Fogh Rasmussen ; Lars Løkke Rasmussen ; Helle Thorning-Schmidt ; Václav Klaus ; Miloš Zeman ; Mirek Topolánek ; Jan Fischer ; Petr Nečas ; Jiří Rusnok ; Bohuslav Sobotka ; Andrej Babiš ; Fredrik Reinfeldt ; Stefan Löfven ; Magdalena Andersson ;	Abdelmalek Droukdel † ; Abu Ubaidah Youssef al-Annabi ; Mokhtar Belmokhtar †; Tiyib Ould Sidi Ali †; Athmane Touati ; Winan Bin Yousef (POW)
Strength
1,325+ American advisors & trainers;; 900 Moroccans;; 400 Malians;; 250 Algerians;; 200 Chadians;; <1,000 Mauritanians;; 25 Senegalese medical doctors	AQIM: 400–4,000 ; Tuaregs: ~1,000; Boko Haram: 300–2,000+
Casualties and losses
Unknown	Unknown
	Causes: September 11 attacks and 2003 Casablanca bombings

Operation Juniper Shield, formerly known as Operation Enduring Freedom – Trans Sahara (OEF-TS), is the military operation conducted by the United States and partner nations in the Saharan and Sahel regions of Africa, consisting of counterterrorism efforts and policing of arms and drug trafficking across central Africa. It is part of the Global War on Terrorism (GWOT). The other OEF mission in Africa is Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa (OEF-HOA).

Congress approved $500 million for the Trans-Saharan Counterterrorism Initiative (TSCTI) over six years to support countries involved in counterterrorism against alleged threats of al-Qaeda operating in African countries, primarily Algeria, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal, Nigeria, and Morocco. This program builds upon the former Pan Sahel Initiative (PSI), which concluded in December 2004 and focused on weapon and drug trafficking, as well as counterterrorism. TSCTI has both military and non-military components to it. OEF-TS is the military component of the program. Civil affairs elements include USAID educational efforts, airport security, Department of the Treasury, and State Department efforts.

Canada deployed teams of less than 15 CSOR members to Mali throughout 2011 to help combat militants in the Sahara. Although the special forces will not engage in combat, they will train the Malian military in basic soldiering. Areas include communications, planning, first aid, and providing aid to the general populace.