Japan

Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see Japan (disambiguation), Nihon (disambiguation), Nippon (disambiguation), and JPN (disambiguation).

Japan 日本
Flag Imperial crest
Anthem: 君が代 ("Kimigayo") 'His Majesty's Reign'
Location of Japan   Territory claimed but not controlled
Capital and largest city	Tokyo 35°41′N 139°46′E
National language	Japanese
Regional languages	Ainu (recognized) Hachijō Ryukyuan languages
Demonym	Japanese
Government	Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy
• Emperor	Naruhito
• Prime Minister	Sanae Takaichi
Legislature	National Diet
• Upper house	Senate
• Lower house	House of Representatives
Area
• Total	377,975 km2 (145,937 sq mi) (62nd)
• Water (%)	1.4
Population
• January 1, 2026 estimate	122,950,000 (11th)
• 2020 census	126,146,099
• Density	330/km2 (854.7/sq mi) (39th)
GDP (PPP)	2026 estimate
• Total	$7.262 trillion (5th)
• Per capita	$59,207 (36th)
GDP (nominal)	2026 estimate
• Total	$4.379 trillion (4th)
• Per capita	$35,703 (39th)
Gini (2020)	32.3 medium inequality
HDI (2023)	0.925 very high (23rd)
Currency	Japanese yen (JPY)
Time zone	UTC+09:00 (JST)
Calling code	+81
ISO 3166 code	JP
Internet TLD	.jp

Japan is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean off the northeast coast of the Asian mainland, it is bordered to the west by the Sea of Japan, the Sea of Okhotsk in the north, and the East China Sea in the south. The Japanese archipelago consists of four major islands alongside over 14,000 smaller islands. Japan is divided into 47 administrative prefectures and eight traditional regions, and around 75% of its terrain is mountainous and heavily forested, concentrating its agriculture and highly urbanized population along its eastern coastal plains. With a population of almost 123 million as of 2026, it is the world's 11th most populous country. Tokyo is the country's capital and largest city.

The first known habitation of the archipelago dates to the Upper Paleolithic, with the beginning of the Japanese Paleolithic dating to c. 36,000 BC. Between the 4th and 6th centuries, its kingdoms were united under an emperor in Nara and later in Heian-kyō. From the 12th century, actual power was held by military aristocrats known as shōgun and feudal lords called daimyō, enforced by warrior nobility named samurai. After rule by the Kamakura and Ashikaga shogunates and a century of warring states, Japan was unified in 1600 by the Tokugawa shogunate, which implemented an isolationist foreign policy. In 1853, an American fleet forced Japan to open trade to the West, which led to the end of the shogunate and the restoration of imperial power in 1868.

The Meiji period saw Japan pursue rapid industrialization, modernization, militarism, and overseas colonization. Declaring itself an imperial power in 1889 with the promulgation of the Meiji Constitution, it annexed Taiwan in 1895, followed by Korea in 1910. In 1937, Japan invaded China and attacked the U.S. and European colonial powers in 1941, thus entering World War II as an Axis power. After being defeated in the Pacific War and suffering the U.S. atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan surrendered in 1945 and came under Allied occupation until 1952. It underwent rapid economic growth in the following decades and became one of the first major non-NATO allies of the U.S. Since the collapse of the Japanese asset price bubble in the early 1990s, it has experienced a prolonged period of economic stagnation referred to as the Lost Decades.

Japan is a constitutional monarchy with a bicameral legislature known as the National Diet. Widely considered a great power and the only Asian member of the G7, it maintains one of the world's strongest militaries but has constitutionally renounced its right to declare war. A developed country with one of the world's largest economies by nominal GDP, it is a global leader in the automotive, electronics, and robotics industries, in addition to making significant contributions to science and technology. It has one of the world's highest life expectancies, but is undergoing a population decline. The culture of Japan is well known around the world, particularly its popular culture as expressed in animation, art, comics, cuisine, fashion, films, music, television, theater, and video games.