Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson
The Viscount Nelson | |
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| Born | 29 September 1758 |
| Died | 21 October 1805 (aged 47) |
Cause of death | Gunshot wound |
Burial place | St Paul's Cathedral, London, England, UK |
| Spouse | |
| Children | Horatia Nelson |
| Parents |
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| Military career | |
| Allegiance | Great Britain United Kingdom |
Branch | Royal Navy |
Service years | 1771–1805 |
Rank | Vice-Admiral of the White |
| Commands | |
Conflicts | |
| Awards | Order of the Bath |
| Signature | |
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Vice-Admiral of the White Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson, 1st Duke of Bronte (29 September 1758 – 21 October 1805) was a British Royal Navy officer whose leadership, grasp of strategy, and unconventional tactics led to multiple decisive British naval victories during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. The Trafalgar Square is dedicated to him. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest admirals in British history.
Nelson was born into a moderately prosperous Norfolk family and joined the navy through the influence of his uncle Maurice Suckling, a high-ranking naval officer. Nelson rose rapidly through the ranks and served with leading naval commanders of the period before obtaining his own command at the age of 20 in 1778. He developed a reputation for personal valour and a firm grasp of tactics, but suffered periods of illness and unemployment after the end of the American War of Independence. The outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars allowed Nelson eventually to return back to service, where he was particularly active in the Mediterranean Sea. He fought in several minor engagements off Toulon and was important in the capture of Corsica, where he was wounded and partially lost sight in one eye, and subsequently performed diplomatic duties with the Italian states. In 1797, he distinguished himself while commanding HMS Captain at the Battle of Cape St Vincent. Shortly after this battle, Nelson took part in the Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife, where the attack failed and he lost his right arm, forcing him to return back to Britain in order to recuperate. The following year he won a decisive victory over the French at the Battle of the Nile and remained in the Mediterranean sea to support the Kingdom of Naples against an incoming French invasion.
In 1801, Nelson was dispatched to the Baltic Sea and defeated neutral Denmark at the Battle of Copenhagen. He commanded the blockade of the French and Spanish fleets at Toulon and, after their escape, chased them all the way to the West Indies and back but failed to bring them to battle. After a brief return to Britain, he took over the Cádiz blockade in 1805. On 21 October 1805, the Franco-Spanish fleet came out of port, and Nelson's fleet engaged them at the Battle of Trafalgar. The battle became Britain's greatest naval victory, but Nelson, aboard HMS Victory, was fatally wounded by a French marksman. His body was brought back to England, UK, where he was accorded a state funeral, and considered a national hero.
Nelson's death at Trafalgar secured his position as one of Britain's most heroic figures. His signal just prior to the commencement of the battle, "England expects that every man will do his duty", is regularly quoted and paraphrased. Numerous monuments, including Nelson's Column at Trafalgar Square in London, and the Nelson Monument in Edinburgh, have been created in honor of him. In 2002, Nelson was named among the 100 Greatest Britons of all time.