ACID

In database systems, ACID is an acronym for atomicity, consistency, isolation, and durability: four properties used to characterize reliable database transactions. Together, the properties describe how a transaction behaves with respect to failure, database invariants, concurrent execution, and persistence after commit.

A common example is a transfer of money between two bank accounts. The debit and credit can be treated as one transaction: atomicity requires the transfer to take effect as a whole or not at all; consistency requires the transaction to preserve defined database invariants; isolation governs its interaction with concurrent transactions; and durability requires a successfully committed transfer to survive subsequent failures.

The acronym ACID appears in Theo Härder and Andreas Reuter's influential 1983 paper Principles of Transaction-Oriented Database Recovery, which built on earlier work on transaction processing by researchers including Jim Gray.

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