5th Operational Squadron

Fifth Eskadra пятая эскадра
Fifth Squadron bases in 1973.
Active	1963–1992
Country	Soviet Union
Branch	Soviet Navy
Role	Naval warfare Amphibious warfare
Engagements	Cold War

The 5th Squadron (Russian: пятая эскадра, translit. pyataya eskadra, was a squadron of the Soviet Navy.

The squadron was first established in 1963–64 during the Cold War. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) generally referred to it as the Soviet Mediterranean Fleet (Russian: Средиземноморский флот), as it was the primary adversary to the U.S. Navy's Sixth Fleet and British Mediterranean Fleet. Attached to the Russian Navy after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the 5th Squadron was deactivated amid the downsizing of the Russian Armed Forces on 31 December 1992.

Since 2013, the Russian Ministry of Defence has operated the permanent Mediterranean Sea Task Force of the Russian Navy.